The fittest and dreams Essay Example For Students

The fittest and dreams Essay Steinbeck has indicated an immediate noteworthiness in parts 1 and 6 to show his view on natural selection and dreams. The tale is repetitive as we look at, starts and finishes in a similar spot. The starting included watchwords, for example, ‘twinkling’, ‘sunlight’ and ‘golden’, which causes the setting to appear to be practically similar to the Garden of Eden. It has likewise been cited that ‘a way had been beaten hard by boys’, depicting the topic of the novel, where nature being the frail and man decimating it with their capacity, shows the powerless never endure and it’s the skirmish of natural selection. Indeed, even all through the novel, occasions are foreshadowed all through. We will compose a custom exposition on The fittest and dreams explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Where the passing of Candy’s hound hints the demise of Lennie, Lennie murdering the mouse, the doggy, and afterward the young lady, all demonstrate a connect what exactly may occur. Both part 1 and section 6 component creatures to foreplay the story where Steinbeck can give us two plans to the topic of the novel and where he presents the water snake and heron. Where in the primary section everything is by all accounts quiet and leveled out and tranquil, yet in the last part it appears as though great (being nature) had been pulverized, where the heron at that point eats the water snake ‘plucked it out by the head, and the mouth gulped the little snake’. This scene gives us a feeling of the frail not having the option to endure yet then the scene is trailed by ‘re-birth’ or another life, ‘another little water snake swam up the pool’, which gives us another feeling that much after death and the sentiment of all expectation being lost, there may in any case be another opportunity. In section 6 then again, the setting is totally unique. All indications of expectation appear to have been proceeded to feature the conclusion to the ‘American dream, which could connection to how they have been demolished all through the novel. The entire radiant like climate has vanished where the serene environmental factors have now transformed into just about a hellfire like vision with ‘the sun had left the valley’, ‘a charming shade had fallen’, representing the demise of dreams and the utilization of regrettable error. We know from just by taking a gander at the scene where the entire novel had begun, which was situated in the area ‘Soledad’ meaning depression in Spanish, that forlornness is the principle topic, where each man is for himself, where they long for opportunity that they can never truly get.

The Accounting Cycle Steps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Accounting Cycle Steps - Research Paper Example A portion of the budget reports arranged during the bookkeeping cycle incorporate the monetary record, the salary proclamation, articulation of investors value, just as the income explanation (Agtarap-San, 2007). The bookkeeping cycle may occur with respect to time in which the association readies its fiscal summaries. For instance, a business may set up its budget summaries on a yearly, quarterly, or month to month premise (Warren, 2010). This paper will talk about the means of the bookkeeping cycle directly from the chronicle of exchanges to planning of fiscal reports. The Ten Steps of the Accounting Cycle Step 1-Analyzing Transactions There are ten stages engaged with the bookkeeping cycle; stage one to three happen during the whole bookkeeping time frame while different strides from four ten happen toward the finish of a bookkeeping period. The initial step incorporates the breaking down of exchanges. In this progression, an association take a gander at the source archives, which incorporate the depiction of the occasions and exchanges. Source reports can either incorporate electronic sources or printed versions. A portion of the source records that the association breaks down during this progression incorporate checks, bank explanations, just as buy orders. The bookkeeping branch of the association ought to get all the source records from different divisions (Warren, 2010). Stage 2-Journalize The second step in the bookkeeping cycle includes getting ready diary sections, which is performed after the investigation of source reports, occasions, and exchanges. During this progression, the organization’s bookkeeper utilizes the twofold passage bookkeeping strategy and rules to journalize. Along these lines, there ought to record of exchanges in two records; likewise, there is a prerequisite that the credits must be equivalent to the charges. Upon the utilization of the charge and credit runs, the exchanges are then recorded in a diary. A diary involves a record that has the total exchanges (Agtarap-San, 2007). Stage 3-Posting The third step in the bookkeeping cycle incorporates posting, which involves the exchange of data from the diary sections in the diary to the record. The diary section, involving both the charge and credit passages is posted in the record with both the credit and charge exchanges. Therefore, the posting step is the fundamental exchange of credits and charges from the diary and moving them to the record. Before they are presented on the record, the diary sections ought to be examined to guarantee that they are exact (Warren, 2010). Stage 4-Trial Balance The fourth step incorporates the planning of a balanced preliminary parity, which alludes to a rundown including all records, just as their equalizations. The data utilized in the planning of the preliminary parity is gotten from the record, with the record adjusts from the record being utilized in setting up a preliminary parity. In the preliminary parity, the re is posting of exchanges in the charge and credit section (Agtarap-San, 2007). Stage 5-Preparing Adjusting sections The fifth step of the bookkeeping cycle subtleties the arrangement of modifying passages, which includes altering the obligation or resource record to its genuine sum. What's more, the changing of diary passages additionally subtleties the refreshing of the cost or income account. To begin with, there is recording of the modifying passages in the general diary, after which they might be presented on the

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Guide (Causes, Symptoms, Treatments)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Guide (Causes, Symptoms, Treatments) A BRIEF INTRODUCTION7.7 billion people are living on our planet Earth today and someone would say there are also 7.7 billion different personalities. After all, there are no 2 persons who are the same, not even identical twins.But is it true that each person has only one personality, only oneself?Up until the 1970s, many people would say yes.However, in the 1970s, after the publication of a very popular book Sybil, a disorder which was known as hysterical neurosis brought many people with what would later be multiple personality disorder and finally dissociative identity disorder (DID) to light.An official definition does not exist, but DID is most often described as a complex psychological condition which develops as a consequence of experiencing a great trauma in early childhood. The word dissociation means a“disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions or sense of who he or she is”.There are three types of dissociative disorders:Dissociative identit y disorderDissociative amnesiaDepersonalization/Derealization disorderIn this text, we will focus on DID, and as we go through it, we will learn about DID’s history, causes, diagnosis, management and treatment and finally the prognosis.WHAT IS DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER?As we have already said dissociation means a “disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions or sense of who he or she is”.This process is completely normal, and we experience it quite often, sometimes every day in the process of mild dissociation, such as daydreaming, looking at one spot and losing touch with the reality, getting lost in a book, or a movie, etc..However, there are horrible times when disassociation becomes a way of survival because the reality is too much to bear.In these situations, a person disassociates the memory of the event, feelings about it, the place where it happened and feels as if though disconnected from it altogether.It feels like a mental escape fro m the horror and pain.When trauma happens once, such as a car crash and to an adult, dissociation may happen in order not to remember it fully.However, when a continuous severe trauma keeps happening to a child who is between 0 and 6 years old, that causes a dissociative identity disorder in its full capacity.Dissociative identity disorder leads to having several personalities called alters in one human being due to exposure to those severe traumas, resulting in having a disconnected personality.Those alters are all parts of one “self” with different traits and behaviors who “wake up” thanks to different triggers and situations.These alters serve to protect a person and deal with the situations that they can’t.A BRIEF, AMAZING HISTORY OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERIt is said that DID existed in Paleolithic which lasted for around 2 million years up until 10,000 years B.C and was shown in different cave images of shamans.Others say that what we know as DID was known as d emonic possession in the Middle Ages.Opinions are different, but what we know for sure is that the first time it was written about this disorder was in 1791 and it was about the case of a 20-year-old German young woman who had two personalities- the German one and the French one who knew nothing about each other.There were a lot of studies about this phenomenon between the 1880s and 1920s, and they dropped drastically since other diagnoses such as schizophrenia appeared.Then, in the 1970s, the above-mentioned book Sybil was published, and suddenly many cases of DID were reported.As their number rose, the number of alternate personalities rose as well â€" from the original two in the cases reported in 1944 to a few dozen, with an average of 15.7 personalities in all of the cases that were documented later on in 1997.The names of this disorder changed through the last decades until its final name Dissociative Identity Disorder came to be: In 1995 it was thought to be a state in which anxiety is either “directly felt and expressed or . . . unconsciously and automatically controlled by various defense mechanisms, then in 1968, it got the name hysterical neurosis, dissociative type, in 1994 the name was multiple personality disorder and then finally dissociative identity disorder.CAUSES OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERAs we have already said, this disorder develops as a consequence of experiencing a great trauma in early childhood, such as physical, mental and sexual abuse, strong deprivation and or any other molestation with which a child cannot cope with.These traumas can be so severe, that the children being alone, scared, and even fearing for their life detach themselves from the body to not feel anything.This way, they feel as if those horrible things are happening to someone else; it is not them who are hurting, and this is how multiple, different personalities are born.Each one of them is a type of coping mechanism and has traits that the child doesnt, he lping them to deal with the situation in the best way possible.The number of alters differs from person to person and can be 2 of them, but also 100 when a person is not even aware of each one of them.What is fascinating is the fact that these alters are often not human beings.Now, why is this?Since we are talking about children, who are between 0 and 6 years old, we know that in that period their imagination flourishes and that by listening to fairytales and watching tv shows they start to believe in beautiful fairies, dragons, who are symbols of strength, mermaids and other creatures and this is exactly why some of their alters take these creatures shapes and traits.All of that happens to make the children stronger, more resilient, calmer, more patient, etc..This is a way of their brain to protect them from whatever situation they are in and help them survive with the least pain possible. SYMPTOMS OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERThe main characteristic of DID is the presence of t wo or more split identities that have control over the body.These identities are very different from each other, and some of the differences are age, sex, race, sexual orientation, interests, hobbies, gestures, postures, etc.What is very interesting is the fact that these identities can have different allergies, which has been reported in several cases â€" for example one alter has strong gluten allergy, but the other one enjoys eating bread quite a bit, or even more mind-boggling differences such as the diabetes presence, where one alter is a diabetic which is shown by the different tests, and the other one isnt, having the negative tests.The most common symptom is the amnesia which cannot be blamed on an everyday forgetfulness.We often cannot recall what we ate for breakfast a few days ago, or when exactly we had a certain activity, which is normal since our brain absorbs huge amounts of information every day and needs to erase some of them in order to make space for the new ones. However, if we often can’t recall what we did for the past few days, where we’ve gone, whom we’ve seen and if we feel like having a black hole instead of a memory, then we are certainly dealing with a problem.This is the problem that people suffering from DID deal with often daily.What actually happens is the following: since there are different, often numerous alters who “wake up” and take control of the body, they go on about their activities and create the memories, meet new people, create friendships, and so on, so when another alter wakes up, they don’t remember those things, nor does the “original” person.When alters are numerous and their switches regular, the person has constants bigger or smaller amnesias and realizes that something is going on.These switches can take seconds, minutes and sometimes days.What is another sign of DID is an out of body experience when a person feels detached from their body, feeling as if sitting in a passenger’s seat in its c ar.They are aware of a certain activity but dont understand why they are doing it.For example, someone with DID can start doing things they dont normally do, such as being violent, yelling, stealing, reckless driving, and they feel like having no control of the body.An interesting fact is that people with DID report that their alters can choose if they will let them be “co-conscious” with them, or if they will shut them out completely.The first case means the above mentioned: the person is conscious of the things being done, but doesn’t have control over them.This co-consciousness can have different levels: the person can hear and see everything but is a mere spectator, they can hear, but can’t see anything, or they cant hear nor see what the alter is doing, but they feel that something is happening and that the body is moving.The latter case means total amnesia, the alter chooses the to shut the “original” person out, and when the person wakes up, they have no idea abou t what happened and where they have been.As we said, alters are very different among themselves, however, they are not fully mature personalities, but parts of one dissociated identity.A creation of one complete identity is also something that has root in an early and later childhood.When we are born, we have no personality, and our wishes and activities are very disconnected. However, as we grow, see and realize the world around us, learn every day, our identity is created, and everything comes together like a puzzle.This is what happens in a calm, normal, serene childhood.However, when childhood is disrupted with different traumas, that formation fails to happen, leaving the pieces of one personality by themselves.These are called alters. They all keep different aspects of autobiographical information.There is usually the above mentioned “original” or “host”, which is a personality connected with person’s real name and often the host is unaware of the alters and doesn’ t know about them for a long time, or doesn’t understand what is happening. Some of the most common symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are:Depersonalization:  It is the above mentioned out-of-body experience when a person feels detached   from its body and loses control over it.Amnesia: The inability to remember major and important details about one’s life and experiences, such that it can’t be blamed or regular forgetfulness.   Since switches can be very often, this amnesia can be a micro one, and the person doesn’t remember a meaningful conversation or they can last for days and be very scary.Derealization: It is described as the feeling that the world is not real, and sometimes it is connected with the depersonalization.Identity confusion or identity alteration: This is the feeling of deep confusion. The person is unable to define important things such as interests in life, hobbies, sexual orientation, ambitions, political, religious and social viewpoints, etc. T his is all due to the presence of several alters, which all have their above-mentioned viewpoints, ambitions, thoughts, etc..HOW IS DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER DIAGNOSED?Diagnosing the dissociative identity disorder is usually not an easy process, and it takes time.There is an estimate that people who have DID have already spent around 7 years in the mental health system before its diagnosis.This is because this disorder never exists on its own, but has a lot of other symptoms which are characteristic for other psychiatric diagnoses. People who have DID are usually diagnosed with 5 to 7 similar disorders.Because of their overlapping symptoms, the diagnosis may include schizophrenia, normal and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, epilepsy, borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, and depression.It is important to measure all of the aspects of the possible DID diagnosis to be sure that it is DID, and not something similar.The therapist(s) need to make sure ho w persistent and consistent the person’s identities are in their behavior, how common amnesia is, they need to measure dissociation, and what is very important â€" listen to family members and other close people about their experiences with the person and their identity changes.The DSM-5 (The  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) gives the following criteria for diagnosing dissociative identity disorder:There are at least two or more personality states, ”each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self.”Amnesia must happen, defined as “gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events”The person must have problems with functioning and everyday living due to this disorder, it must be distressed altogether by itThis disturbance is not in any way connected with what is believed to be normal cultural and religious practicesThese symptoms mustn’t be an effect of any substance (such as having no control during alcohol intoxication, having hallucinations after using certain drugs) or a general medical condition (such as having seizures)Besides the main symptoms, there is a variety of side ones that can be associated with dissociative disorders, such as:Mood swingsSuicidal tendencies (70% of people with DID have tied to commit suicide)DepressionPanic attacks and phobias (flashbacks and different “triggers”)Alcohol and drug abuseEpilepsyEating disorders DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER TREATMENTDissociative identity disorder doesn’t have a “cure”; it is a state with which people live their whole lives. It requires commitment and long-term treatments.What is necessary in the beginning is that the person who is diagnosed with the DID accepts that fact that it has it and that many people in the world (1% of the population) have it, thus is not alone.Even though it sounds scary to know that they have alters who can control the body, they shouldn’t be afraid.There is plenty of people who learned how to live with DID and who even came to meet their alters either through writing a diary together and reading each other’s thoughts and experiences or through their friend’s stories, since alters usually have different friends.In general, there is a lack of consensus in the treatment of DID, but thanks to numerous case studies and researches on possible therapies, three of them were found to be very effective:Psychotherapy: it is also called “talk therapy”. The therapist is there to talk to the patient and carefully listen to their stories and experiences and see what the triggers are. Their goal is to put different personalities as much together as possible and fuse them. Another goal is to help the patient control the triggers and with that their life as well. This therapy is sometimes even more effective when it includes family, friends and significant others. The psychotherapy has a variety of t echniques, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), insight-oriented therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).Hypnotherapy: The hypnosis was found to be very helpful since it is used to enter the unconsciousness and repressed memories and feelings. Very often people with the DID dont even remember their childhood and horrific details and feelings since they have been repressed and lived by their alters”. Thanks to the hypnosis these memories are relived and that way the person has a chance to heal and deal with that new information. It can also help control any problematic behavior and triggers. All of this leads to the integration of multiple personalities.Creative therapy: It includes therapies such as the movement and art ones, which bring relaxation and helps people reconnect with the parts of their mind that have been shut off. Those are the parts that keep the memories of the trauma.PROGNOSISPeople diagnosed w ith dissociative identity disorder usually react very well to their therapy.Those who have only dissociative and posttraumatic symptoms are given a better prognosis than those who have other disorders as well, especially those who are still in touch with their abusers.The latter ones usually have a much longer treatment, which requires much more effort and will.It is very common that people suffering from DID have suicidal thoughts, failed suicide attempts and self-harm happens often.Since every DID patient is a different case, their treatment type, duration, success rate, and other statistics differ quite a bit, and no one can say for sure.Some of the important factors in every treatment include patients will to tackle the problem and goals, which vary from only improving the communication and cooperation inside the system (all alters together make up a system), lowering amnesia occurrence, to the most ambitious one, and that is overall alter integration.Another very important fact or is the patients feeling of being safe. That feeling is something they were deprived of in their early childhood, which ultimately led to multiple alter creation, thus is linked with their switches.The less safe the person is, the more regular alter switches will be to protect them.This is why a person with DID must feel relaxed, safe, free from fear for their life â€" all of this calms the alters and they stop appearing that often.DID treatment is a long and complicated process, which requires years, a lot of patience, and most importantly, an adequate psychiatrist who has the much need knowledge and expertise in this field.FINAL WORDTaking into consideration the whole text and so much new information, I hope that it gives a clear picture of the dissociative identity disorder which remains unclear to many people.It is a disorder that requires so much more work, analysis, case studies, and deeper research to fully understand it, if ever.Even though most of us dont know anyone with this disorder, or like to think so, it is pretty common, with 1-2% of the population being diagnosed with it.That is 75-150 million people with the DID, but what is with the cases who remain hidden?

An Analysis Of Flannery O Connor - 1212 Words

The percentage of people who say they believe in God, pray, frequently go to religious services, embrace minimal religious practices or find their faith meaningful has declined over the last 50 years. A growing group of Americans do not believe in God or any organized faith. In fact, unbelief is even fashionable. Religious conviction is perceived as burdensome or an outdated attitude - easily discarded. This is the backdrop upon which 20th century American, Southern Gothic writer, Flannery O’Connor, wrote her books and short stories in the 1950s and 1960s. She, in her short stories and books of fiction, did not describe beautiful rooms or people living happily ever after; she wrote about the human condition in the American South and the state of religious conviction. She wrote about unbelievers, lukewarm souls, narcissists and the spiritually illiterate. She wrote about racists, white trash, busy bodies and poor, beaten down black folks. She wrote about the unraveling of faith where the default mode for her characters was apathy, smugness, desapir or indifference. She believed the South was haunted by religion but as a group were literally swimming in mediocrity, cynicism and emptiness – a rough and tumble nihilism. They might say their faith mattered or attended services, but many were just lying to their neighbors and themselves. To her, they were just checking the box with a faith bordering on tepid and pathetic. She felt, given their current status, they would not know aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Greenleaf By Flannery O Connor1105 Words   |  5 Pagestheir place in the hierarchy of society. People become fixated on one idea they have of a person in a certain social class, that anybody who breaks out of specific stereotypes may often cause anger amongst others. In the short story â€Å"Greenleaf† by Flannery O’Connor, the main character, Mrs. May, is obsessive about the way others perceive her and her place in society. Mr. M ay’s identity is so strictly tied to her desire to get to a higher social class and her notions how society should work, that sheRead MoreAnalysis Of Flannery O Connor s A Good Man Is Hard Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Analysis for A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O Connor s A Good Man is Hard to Find is certainly a surprising work of literature. With this story having a not so happy ending, it goes against all of the conventional ideas on what a typical storybook ending should be. Another unusual thing about A Good Man is Hard to Find is the use of the term good. 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So to adjust your philosophy and creativity in fashion to the time you re living in is the most important thing. - Donatella Versace In each of Flannery O’Connor’s stories there is a very different perspectives in the stories also in theRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1479 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Halavy English 2—Prof. Sosner 6 May 2015 Self-Awareness in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† emphasizes the hostility and racial discrimination that white southerners exhibited towards African Americans as a result of integration during the 1960’s. This short story focuses not only on the white American’s living in poverty, but also accentuates the ways in which two people born in different generations react to racialRead MoreAnalysis Of Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor981 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† the social concerns of the 1960’s â€Å"particularly the disorder of the modern world and the impact of cultural and social change--are prevalent† and addressed on multiple occasions (Schoenberg). The approach used by Flannery O’Connor might be seen as one that is ironic. Dorothy McFarland makes note of this by commenting on â€Å"whatever signs of convergence of social classes or races are evident in the story are dealt with by the characters in ways that minimize any realRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe character of Julian in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† is one that evokes conflicting emotions in readers. On an immediate judgment, it would be easy to view Julian as someone who is pretentious and narcissistic. Throughout the course of the piece, he is presented as being constantly bored and disgusted with those around him, because he believes he is more highly educated. 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Oxfam Non Commercial Organisation - 1218 Words

Introduction: Oxfam is non-commercial organisation which is fighting against poverty.Oxfam stands for Oxford Committee for Famine Relief.For the first time the creators of Oxfam met together in October 1942 in Oxford, to discuss with the government the opportunity to decrease(reduce) the allied blockade of occupied Europe and cover feeding of imperative alleviation key to civilians.Oxfam was created with 8 various members the(famous) powerful one was Jackson-Cole a London businessman(Web Cache,N/A).This became now Oxfam GB and still based in Oxford, Oxfordshire.Oxfam GB started to become more popular and well known by opening their first regular shop in 1948.Goal of this project is recognize the main stakeholders of the company and what†¦show more content†¦In 1995 Oxfam GB joined another 17 Oxfam s organization from all over the world to form Oxfam International which is helping in more than 90 countries(Oxfam International,2015). There are a lot of charity shops in the United Kingdom s elling with more or less the same price of Oxfam GB.These shops are the main competitors to oxfam.For

P2P Lending in Singapore - 13536 Words

Abstract This study focuses on demand of P2P market among SMEs and consumer market. The researcher has developed a framework based on how peer to peer lending platforms are important for SME’s and what are the governmental regulations to promote online lending platforms, how SMEs play an important role in the development of economy, how important is the peer to peer platform to them and the future position of peer to peer market in Singapore. The focal point lies on the demand of peer to peer lending platforms among small and medium enterprises and consumer market. The study illustrates a high demand of peer to peer lending among small and medium enterprises regardless of less security of investment. This study also includes risk and†¦show more content†¦According to forbes.com, Peer to peer accounts up to 90% of capital deployed in financial industry. Presence of Peer to peer lending is now an alternate financing platform to investors and companies without going through tradi tional methods of approaching banks or financial institutions due to fact that they offer higher returns. For Singapore, peer to peer lending is still considered as a new and developing sector. Singapore economy mainly consists of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME), whereby most new start-up SMEs face problems in getting loan from bank or financial institutions due to lack of goodwill. This means, peer to peer lending in Singapore bridges the SMEs gap of getting loans for business development. This research mainly focuses on the future of Peer to peer lending in Singapore that is useful to have a practical insight of Peer to peer lending and its implications in Singapore. Peer to peer lending took a huge lead in financial industry during last few years and their accelerating presence holds a deep impact on financial sectors. 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Diet and the Dietitians Role for Irritable Bowel- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDiet and the Dietitians Role for Irritable Bowel. Answer: Introduction: This report focuses on the case study of Bob Jackson who has been identified to be suffering with Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis based on his symptoms and past medical history. His presenting complaint was regarding diarrhoea and left lower quadrant (LLQ) abdominal pain and past medical history showed health issues of obesity, rhinitis, AF, hypertension, osteoarthritis right knee and AF. All the symptoms are linked to inflammation of the digestive tract. The purpose of this report is to analyze characteristics of pain in Bob and decide on one pain medication that would provide relief to patient. Secondly, as care of patients require multidisciplinary team approach, role of one multidisciplinary team member is discussed who would engage in Bobs care during the hospital stay. Choice of Medication for Bob: After admission to the hospital ward following abdominal pain and diarrhoea, Bob has pressed his call bell for pain relief. The assessment of his LLQ abdominal pain using COLDSPA denotes that he experiences a dull pain all the time in his , which increases to a strong pressure on the body. The issue is that the onset of pain has got worse since the last two days. His abdominal pain at rest was 6/10 and it has the potential to increase to 9/10 if appropriate pain medication is not provided to student. Among the choice of three medications, Endone 5-10mg PO PRN is considered to be the most appropriate pain killer to control pain in patient. This is because his pain has become worst for the past 2 days and Endone can start working within 10-15 minutes to relieve pain. The patient had taken Endone at 1130 am and since he is complaining of pain again at 1200 pm, this is an indication that Endone dose is needed again. This can give relief to patient for 3-6 hours and the nurse can adjust t he dose based on the severity of pain after consultation with the clinician(Endone | myVMC., 2017). Considering his LLQ pain and increase of pain on movement, giving Endone medication is necessary. The rational for using Endone is that it is an opioid analgesic consisting of the active ingredient ocxycodone hydrochloride and it influences the way body responds to pain. The opioid activates the opioid pain receptors in the central nervous system and disrupts the transmission of pain signals through the nervous. This consequently reduces the transmission of signal through the spinal cord and cause relied from pain(Oxycodone - DrugBank. , 2017). Bob particularly had symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain and Endone works to reduce neuronal excitability in response to pain signals. Impairment of gastrointestinal tract function was a major issue in Bob indicated by symptoms of LLQ pain, lower abdominal distension, loose stool and watery diarrhea. Research study has also supported the opioid analgesics as one of the treatment option for relieving pain in patients with Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis(Regueiro, 2017). One research study also proves that opioid analgesics are used for treating bowel dysfunction. However, as it is associated with flare up of the condition and risk of infection, it is necessary to combine oxycodone with peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist to reduce adverse effect on Bob. Oral laxatives and opioid switch may also be considered in case of adverse side effects in patient(Leppert, 2012). Role of one Health Care Team Member in the Management of Bob: While caring for Bob, the role of dietician will be the most important for the recovery of patient. This is because Bob has been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease, which is the most common type of inflammatory bowel disease, and management of diet will be most important for improving the symptoms in patient. Appropriate diet and nutrition will be the most important priority for dietician because reducing symptoms and promoting recovery in patient. Diet may not be regarded as a factor contributing to the disease, however it plays an important role on healing of patient. In inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease, the inflammation of the intestine limits its ability to digest and absorb food. Hence, such unabsorbed nutrient may escape into large intestine, patients like Bob may suffer from diarrhea and malnutrition. Hence, the dietician can help to plan the diet chart of patient in such a way to reduce diarrhea and other adverse symptoms in patient. The British Dietetic Association also provided evidence-based guidelines for the dietary management of Crohns disease. As the disease is associated with acute flare ups and remissions, an expert dietitian plays a vital role in nutritional management of the disease condition(Lee, 2014). The dietician can make individualize diet plan for Bob based on the type of intestine affected. There is no blanket rule or recommendation related to specific diet for patients, however dietician can identify food items that can cause digestive problem for patients and restrict those foods for Bob. The dietician may also play a role in identifying food intolerance or allergies in patient and yet preventing malnutrition in patient by providing balanced diet. Secondly, balancing fluid intakes is also critical for them to reduce the risk of dehydration due to chronic diarrhea (Burke Ahmed, 2014). Research study also points out that dietician often prescribe low fibre or low residue diet for Crohns disease patient to reduce the risk of bowel obstruction and other symptoms. In addition, dieticians also consider providing probiotics and prebiotics to patients like Bob to manipulate intestinal microbiota to counterbalance harmful bacteria. Currently, dieticians also focus on reducing the d isaccharides, polyols and fermentable sachharides as a diet management strategy to prevent abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea(Camilleri, 2011). Hence, regular engagement of the dietician with Bob will reduce risk of remission and promote recovery of patient. Conclusion: The paper discussed about the efficacy of Endone drug as a choice for managing pain in patients. It is considered effective to relieve pain, as it is an opioid analgesic that reduces transmission of pain signal. However, it was also argued that combining the drug with drugs is important as opioid analgesic increases the risk of infection in patient. Secondly, the role of dietician has been discussed to manage symptoms and promote recovery of patient. The report suggested that fluid management, balancing nutrition, preventing malnutrition and reducing fibre based diet are some important diet management strategies to manage care of patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease. Bibliography Burke, A. . (2014). Diet and the Dietitians Role in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An exploration of Patients and Healthcare Professionals Perspectives. Camilleri, M. (2011). Managing symptoms of irritable bowel. 60, 425428. Endone | myVMC. (2017, September 7). Retrieved from https://www.myvmc.com: https://www.myvmc.com/drugs/endone/ Lee, J. A. (2014). British Dietetic Association evidence?based guidelines for the dietary management of Crohn's disease in adults. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics, 27(3), 207-218. Leppert, W. (2012). The impact of opioid analgesics on the gastrointestinal tract function and the current management possibilities. Contemporary Oncology, 16(2), 125. Oxycodone - DrugBank. . (2017, September 7). Retrieved from https://www.myvmc.com: https://www.myvmc.com/drugs/endone/ Oxycodone - DrugBank. . (2017, September 2017). Retrieved from https://www.myvmc.com: https://www.myvmc.com/drugs/endone/ Regueiro, M. G. (2017). Etiology and treatment of pain and psychosocial issues in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology, 152(2), 430-439.

Sierra Murray Essays - Jain Cosmology, Naraka, Reincarnation

Sierra Murray Thursday, April 7, 16 Essay Exotic Pleasures The short story "Exotic Pleasures" has a very specific setting that greatly contributes to the theme of the story. The theme of this particular text would be apocalyptic destruction of the human race. Firstly, the apocalyptic setting is a way of foreshadowing the ending of the text; the fact that nature always wins. It's a way of getting the reader's ready for what comes next. Secondly, the physical setting; dry and hellish also adds on to the apocalyptic theme. And lastly, the economic situation of the text can portray a hellish environment; the way there is only low and high class, with absolutely no middle class. All these attributes combine to contribute to the apocalyptic theme of the text "Exotic Pleasures". In the text "Exotic Pleasures", the author chose the apocalyptic setting to foreshadow how nature always wins. The main foreshadowing was a great clue as of to what included in the ending. "Service stations in the north were overcome by green vegetation. Men in masks sprayed poisons which proved ineffective. People lay in hospital beds seriously ill from drinking water contaminated by this same herbicide. Fire, it seemed, rather than slowing the spread of the Rock-drill merely accelerated the germination of the seeds. Mort watched an overgrown house sacrificed to fire and then the result, a week later, when giant Rock-drills grew in the burnt-out ruins. He would have turned complacently to the late movie on another channel, had they mot shown film of the Rock-drill's home environment." (127) This subliminal foreshadowing contributed to the main theme of the text and made it very clear that it was about how nature always wins. It was a strong indicator and directly foreshadows what happens next. This quote from the text also foreshadows the fact that the human race is the end to themselves, being poisoned by poisons they made to fix the problem, just making it bigger. The physical setting of the text "Exotic Pleasures" contributes to the theme, which is, that nature always wins. Settings that could be as simple as a parking lot were described in a way that suggests apocalyptic qualities, "Through pale veils of pleasure she saw him walking back across the blistering car park and she knew, before he arrived at the car, exactly what his eyes would look like." Lilly explains the setting in a way that suggests it to be dead and dry as it would be in an apocalyptical way. The physical setting of the text contributed greatly to the main theme of the text "Exotic Pleasures". The economic situation of the people in the text can portray a dead and hellish environment; the way there is only low and high class, with absolutely no middle class, contributes to the main theme of the particular text. In the beginning of the text the couple Lilly and Mort need to make money for a living, and settled by using a bird to make their living. The couple is struggling to live and even 5 dollars is much for them to spend. Lilly bought the bird for the low cost of five dollars and still felt that she couldn't, "I can only offer five," she said, thinking that she couldn't offer five at all." (113). The fact that the economic situation is so bad, contributes greatly to the theme in which nature always wins in this particular text. The text "Exotic Pleasures" has many elements that make the theme very obvious. The foreshadowing in the text suggests the theme of the story, which is apocalyptical and the fact that nature always wins. The physical setting, which is dry and hellish also contributes. Lastly, the economic situation in the text also contributes to the theme of the text. All these elements add together to contribute to the obvious theme, which is apocalyptic, and the fact that nature always wins.

Symbolism in “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” Essays

Symbolism in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† Essays Symbolism in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† Paper Symbolism in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† Paper Mary Flannery O’Connor was an influential American writer who was born in 1925, writing two novels, thirty-two short stories and numerous essays and reviews. Her life was complicated by a fifteen-year battle with lupus and she died at the age of thirty-nine. Her philosophy on fiction writing was that it should first and foremost be based in the solidly concrete world (Olson, 42). This is the essence of how she breathed life into her work. She explored symbolism and deeper themes as well, but they came after the concrete details. Some persistent symbolic themes in her writing include farms, small towns, hallucinations or hallucinations, the south, violence, prejudice, self-discovery, and, her most common theme, religion and the Catholic faith (Irving, 113). O’Connor uses recurring themes and symbolism in all of her stories, none more so that â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find. † These symbols are hidden in the prose and unlocking them adds to the depth, influence and impact of the story. The prevalent symbolism used pertains to the Catholic faith, Jesus and judgment. She also uses color and character to tie in the idea of the changing times and society’s disintegration. Everything from the name of the town they are seeking, the forest and the journey itself are used by in this story to represent a deeper truth. They explore the innermost struggle of man and the quest for self-identity and understanding and the need for a person to face their own reality by delving into their character rather than the place they believe they hold in the society and the concrete world. The characters of the grandmother and the Misfit symbolize different aspects of human self-awareness as well as the idea of Jesus, redemption and hypocrisy. Their depiction as symbols instead of solidly real individuals is evident in their names – they are not given one. Instead they are referred to by the place they hold in society, the â€Å"grandmother†, the â€Å"Misfit,† which is more important than who they are as people. The grandmother is the sinner, so blinded by her own self-perceived morality and social identity that she is blinded to her own faults and therefore fails to repent. Her faith is all about appearances rather than sincerity, such as her selection for her attire and the reason for it, Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady (O’Connor, 118). The Misfit, while the villain of the tale, sits as judge and jury. He is the only one in the story that contemplates the deeper truth to man’s existence, indicating his contemplative nature and the need for man to question their existence, â€Å"Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead . . . He shouldn’t have done it . . . If He did what He said, then it’s nothing to do but throw away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then it’s nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left† (O’Connor, 132). While the grandmother fails to recognize her own faults, the Misfit knows not only his own failings but also those of others, indicating the all-seeing eye of Jesus (Bonney, 351). When she is left alone with the Misfit, after several tries, she manages to say, â€Å"Jesus, Jesus,† meaning that the Misfit should pray, yet it came out as a curse. This statement is evidence that she secretly blames God and Christ for her dilemma. The Misfit on the other hand does not believe in a higher power even as he symbolizes one. Additionally, the Misfit originally chose the pseudonym he holds because he believed he was punished excessively for his perceived crime, which he does not remember. This is similar to how Jesus died for the sins of all mankind, as He did not have any of his own. The grandmother brings up Jesus and prayer because she is trying to find a way out so she hopes to instill grace and regret in the Misfit; she does so to save her own life rather than because she believed: she is a hypocrite. After recognizing the Misfit’s identity, much as one recognizes the presence of God at the time of judgment, the grandmother devotes herself to trying to escape the net she is caught in rather than in the act of prayer. She even denies Jesus, even calling the Misfit Jesus, in an attempt to stave off her own demise and offers counterfeit affection to the Misfit in order to persuade him to relent, â€Å"’Why you’re one of my babies . . . one of my own children! ’ She reached out and touched him† (O’Connor, 132). The Misfit recognized the falseness of her actions and shot her through the chest, much as Jesus knows when a person’s belief is true or if they merely seem faithful. While the grandmother has a greater capacity for grace than the Misfit does, she fails to fulfill it (Bandy, 110). The family’s journey itself is a symbol of man’s walk of faith. The grandmother does not wish to go to Florida, does not wish to walk the correct path and stay true to her beliefs. When her requests are ignored and she is forced to travel to Florida instead of Tennessee, she dresses it up in artifice rather than sincerity. At the first opportunity, she attempts to detour the family to another road, using persuasion and deception to generate supporters, she steers others away from the path of God as well. This is their undoing as it places them directly in the way of tragedy. Here too, the Misfit symbolizes Jesus. As Jesus knows when a person is unfaithful, the Misfit judges and punishes the family for their lack of faith (Bandy, 111). At the beginning of the story, the children play the game of identifying shapes in the clouds. This ties into the use of symbols to represent the grandmother’s superficial faith. Clouds are ever changing decorations of the sky, much as she ‘decorates’ herself in lady like apparel in order to portray an image that she does not feel. The clouds present an appearance of one thing but are in fact quite different. After the family’s accident, the Misfit comments that the sky is without sun or clouds: the artifice has been stripped away as well as the guide for the grandmother to follow – the sun, which is always present in the day, is identified as absent here. The Misfit sees the truth of the grandmother’s character and does not allow her to hide behind false pretenses or recover her lost path; she is to be punished for her crime. Here, the Misfit is the vengeful God and the sinner is not so innocent. Rather that symbolizing innocence, as children often do in works of fiction, in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† they represent the aspects of life that one cannot control and the truth that those events hold. In the beginning of the story, as the grandmother attempts to dissuade the family from going to Florida and to go instead to Tennessee, John Wesley asks the grandmother why she does not just stay home. June Star replies â€Å"She wouldn’t stay home to be queen for a day. † Only June Star recognizes this aspect of her grandmother’s personality and is forthright enough to mention. Throughout the story, June Star speaks her truth honestly and openly, though her opinions are high-minded and prejudicial. The Misfit mentions his unease with children, saying that they make him nervous. He recognizes their capacity for unpredictable behavior, as the road of life is unpredictable, and asks his companions to rein them in. There are many symbols of death through the story, particularly toward the end of the family’s journey. The name of the town the grandmother is seeking is called Toombsboro, clearly calling to mind the image of a tomb. She is inadvertently seeking death. The dark and heavy forest near where the family has their accident is a symbol of death as well, with its shadows, hidden threats and unknowable reality. Indeed, five members of the family find their end in these woods. The car driven by the Misfit and his two companions is described as â€Å"hearse-like;† a very blatant symbol of death and one’s journey to what waits beyond. Another symbol used throughout the story is the color red, used to represent the fact that society is changing. Red is the most used color in the work, creating a link for each character and event to follow. The grandmother and Red Sammy, the restaurant owner, reminisce together on better times, revealing their own prejudice on how things have changed. This identifies Red Sammy as a symbol of those changing times. When she later remembers that the plantation is in another state, she goes â€Å"red. † This ties her embarrassment to Red Sammy – red and Red – and their discussion of the good old days. She had failed to recall them correctly and she was deeply embarrassed. Later, when the men get out of the car, it is revealed that one of the occupants was wearing a red sweatshirt, another tie to red. The third man’s ankles were also described as red as he was climbing down the embankment and the Misfit’s eyes are described as â€Å"red-rimmed. † It also symbolizes anger as the grandmother is angered by the fact that the times had changed. These images further symbolize the way society had altered as these men represent those changes. This color symbolism ties each of these aspects of the story together in a united theme. The symbolism used in this story instills in the reader a deeper sense of appreciation as well as a desire to look into themselves in order to discover their own truth. The united themes and symbolism tie the story together and without them, the depiction created would be hollow, without a soul or any real meaning. O’Connor centers her stories around the concrete world; yet, it is the depth she weaves into her fiction that makes it so valuable. The Christian faith is clearly her resounding symbol in this story, yet other aspects of it stand forth as well. The grandmother and the Misfit are not people; they are representations of the flaws and frailties in all human beings, the ones that define man as a sinner and make mankind run from itself. By penning these startling tributes to self-discovery and truth, O’Connor is able to grasp the very real and necessary desire for society to examine itself neutrally rather than with rose-colored glasses. Bandy, Stephen. â€Å"`One of My Babies: The misfit and the grandmother. † Studies in Short Fiction; Winter96, Vol. 33 Issue 1. 107-118. Bonney, William. â€Å"The Moral Structure of Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find. † Studies in Short Fiction; Summer 90, Vol. 27 Issue 3, 347-356. Irving, Malin. â€Å"Flannery O’Connor and the Grotesque. † In the Added Dimension: The Art and Mind of Flannery O’Connor. Melvin Friedman and Lewis A. Lawson, eds. New York: Fordham University Press, 1966. 113-114. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find. † The Complete Stories. New York: Ferrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971. 117-133. Olson, Steven. â€Å"Tarwater’s Hats. † Studies in the Literary Imagination; Fall 1987, Vol. 20, Issue 2, 37-49.

Maya Angelou's Work I Know Why a Caged Bird Sings Essay

Maya Angelou's Work I Know Why a Caged Bird Sings - Essay Example She eventually comes to the realization of her self-worth despite the many problems and instability that she has faced along her life. The book makes an effective presentation of the racism and segregation that blacks faced and the effect that the racism had on them. In the discussion, the imagery of the caged bird becomes evident. The choice of the title comes from the poem ‘Sympathy’. The title of the book serves to attract the reader to get to know the reason behind the singing by a bird that has already been caged. It also serves to remind the reader that in a racist community, there is always the risk that one may be deprived off their freedom or lose control over their situation. The caged bird in the book therefore comes to represent the different black people who have to confront racism on a daily basis yet succeed in keeping hope intact (Hagen 55). From a young age, Maya is confronted by the racist thoughts that are prevalent in her community. She is made to int ernalize the idea that being white with blond hair means that one is beautiful. She feels that she does not fit this description of beauty (she is fat and black) and she therefore goes through life considering herself an ugly child. While living at Arkansas, the community is segregated to the point where Maya wonders if white people truly exist as she does not come into contact with them. This means that at this age, the kind of racism that she is exposed to is not obvious, as she is not in contact with the whites. Just like a caged bird, Maya is trapped in a cage of negative self-image and a poor sense of self-worth, which are as a result of the exposure that she has received from the community (Nelson 18). At the beginning of the book, Maya makes the assertion that being aware of the displacement as a child was like having a razor placed at her throat. This comes from the awareness that she lacked a sense of belonging as a child. The awareness of the displacement that she faced ma de things worse for her as she could not associate with other children who she felt looked different from her. As Maya grows up, she is confronted with the harsh reality of racism. This is the racism that is obvious and directed to her as a young black woman. Examples of this racism can be seen when she is employed in a place where her white boss calls her Mary instead of Maya. This was a tendency by the with racists to call African names that sounded ‘white’. The whites also do this as a way of minimizing or negating the black person. She also visits a white dentist who refuses to treat her because she is black. During her graduation from the eight grade, one of the white speakers gives a racially condescending speech that shows the extent of racism in the society (Page 5). As a child, Maya sought escape from the harsh reality of racism by escaping into a world of fantasy. When Momma asks her to stand outside the white dentist’s office after he refuses to treat her, Maya imagines her mother having some sort of magical power and punishing the dentist. She even imagines that the dentist’s nurse is turned into a sack of food for the chicken. Maya has therefore created a fantasy world in which she can escape to when confronted with situations of racism (Bloom & Angelou 42). In the book, many characters attempt to show their resistance for racism. This resistance is shown in the different ways

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example The planet’s temperature is constantly rising, and the trend has continued over the years. Globally, the average surface temperature has increased much in some degrees, and this is basically the effect of the greenhouse. Naturally the earth’s temperature depends on the amount of energy entering and leaving the planet. But when that later like blanket has been formed, the incoming energy from the sun gets absorbed and as a result, the earth warms. With the absence of this layer, the energy from the sun is therefore reflected back into the space, there will be no warming effect. Due to the fact that this energy has been reflected back, the earth experiences a cooling effect. Balancing of the energy leaving and entering the earth’s surface has been over a long period of time changed by both human and natural factors (Houghton, 2004). This has brought; variations in the sun’s energy reaching the earth’s surface, changes have occurred in the reflectivity of earth’s surface and that of the atmosphere. It has also caused major changes in the greenhouse effect, which has considerably affected the amount of heat that is retained in the earth’s atmosphere. ... And when all these challenges dawns at once, human beings and other living organisms have no chance rather to be exposed climate related health effects, increased risks of illnesses and more death that are as a result of extreme heat and heat waves from the sun (Have, Agius, & Unesco.2006). There is no short cut to curb these climate related problems. The only way out is to act now and try if we can reduce our carbon emissions in to the atmosphere, plant more trees, slow down the pace of global warming. And to the next generation, we should pass on to them a healthier and a safer world. The main goal of environmental policy is to ensure that the environment is protected for the future generation. The regulations are created to ensure that there is a great control of disposal of hazardous waste into the environment and to increase the quality of water and air which circulates in the atmosphere. When all these are taken into control, to a greater extent, it is going to balance the amou nt of energy entering and leaving the earth surface. It will also boost the reflectivity of the earth’s surface and that of the atmosphere which in turn brings the cooling effect to the earth. It will considerably bring to control the climatic change that results into greenhouse effect that determines the amount of heat retained in the atmosphere. Different governments in the world have written and established various policies (Robbins,et al.2010). These rules and regulations have to a lesser extent helped to curb the problem of global warming that has claimed the lives of innocent citizens, deteriorated world economies and destruction of properties due to earth quakes.

Social Distance and Regulatory Focus Effect on Over Choice

Social Distance and Regulatory Focus Effect on Over Choice The effect of social distance and regulatory focus  in the context of overchoice ABSTRACT The current research examines whether regulatory focus vary according to social distance (self, close friend, stranger), and investigated whether the self-other decision making in over-choice contexts induce a reversal choice overload effect to an individual. 21 undergraduates rated satisfaction in accordance with social distance after selecting colours using swatches either few or many options. Against previous research, the post-satisfaction was higher when participants make decision for themselves. Moreover, there was a choice over load effect but no reversed effect when participants make decision for others. Thus participants tend to use promotion regulatory focus for self and prevention focus for others. Further research need to investigate this area in greater depth. Introduction Decision making is the cognitive process of selection a logical choice from the available options. The economic models of behaviour known as rational choice theory assume that individuals take into account each piece of relevant evidence to ensure that they come up with the optimal decision making in all situations (Becker, 1976). These models, however, do not match actual behaviour. Rather than evaluating costs and benefits or calculating probabilities, what is actually decided can depend on the context of situations (KahnemanTversky, 1973). There has been a consequent increase in studies designed to determine decision making strategies which may be appropriate in various cases. Regulatory focus theory is an example of decision making strategies. The theory posited by Higgins predicts the two orientations to purse a goal: promotion and prevention (1997). A promotion focus emphasizes accomplishments and advancement with approaching gain. Alternatively, a prevention focus emphasizes safety and responsibility with avoiding loss. The utility of gain or loss is considered subjective and depends on the difference that it will make to the reasoner’s self-regulation. For example, a small gain is worth more to someone who has little (promotion) than to someone who has a lot (prevention). An interesting point is that the self-regulation is applied to make choice for others in different way; while individuals who make decision for themselves prefer avoiding losses, people who make decision for others prefer acquiring gain (Kray, 2000; Polman, 2011). Researchers have found that risk taking increased when participants were choosing on behalf of others compared to when choosing for themselves (Stone, Yates, Caruthers, 2002; Beisswanger et al, 2003; Sabrina et all, 2007). Polman suggests that this is because personal decision makers tend to use prevention focus (i.e. loss aversion), and conversely, proxy decision makers use promotion focus (i.e. risk preference) (2012B). This self-other theory is connected to the construal level theory (CLT) which describes the relation of psychological distances. The general idea is that the more distant an object or event from the individual, the more abstract the conceptualisation and perception (Trope Wakslak, 2007). As a result, peop le tend to engage in more risky behaviour in high-level construal than low-level construal. According to Polman’s study (2012A) choice overload effect had interaction in reversal since proxy decision makers used promotion focus. The theory called â€Å"choice overload†, also referred to as â€Å"paradox of choice†, describes that people have trouble making optimal choices when confronted with plethora of choices with lower satisfaction (Iyengar Lepper, 2000; Schwartz, 2004). On drawing of the self-other decision making theory and choice overload effect, Polman reported that when participants chose for others, decisions comprising more options were more satisfying than decisions comprising fewer of choices with various kinds of choices (e.g. paint swatches, wine, ice cream flavours, school courses) in six studies. Among those studies, the first and fourth studies which used paint swatches developed the theory by using self-construal: the extent that others are included into the self-concept. While the first study examined the interaction between self-other theory and overload effect, the fourth study tested personal disposition and divided participants into interdependent self-construal group and independent self-construal group; who expected to show low social distance with others or who expected to show high distance with others (Elliott Coker, 2008). The results indicated that people who have promotion focus (i.e. proxy decision makers and independent self-construal group) exhibited a reversed choice overload compared to participants who have prevention focus (i.e. personal decision makers and interdependent self-construal group). It is, however, difficult to generalize as there can be numerous decision making methods which is each approach often claims to be the more effective method. Most of all, it is doubt whether a person would show the same propensity when s/he make decision for self and others at once (at the same time), rather than making decision for self or others separately based on individual’s personality. Social distances also need to be subdivided into three (low, middle, high) rather than two (low, high) pounder over CLT. Current research, therefore, examined 1) if an increase in three subdivided social distance generates a higher level of satisfaction to a person depends on whom the decision is for, 2) if a choice overload effect is present when selecting a choice for self and a reversal choice overload effect is present when selecting a choice for others. Method Participants There were 27 participants, 14 in few and 13 in many choices. 21 women and 6 men were allocated randomly. The participants ranged in age from 19 to 22, with a mean age of 20.29 years (SD=1.06). All participants were level two psychology undergraduates at Sheffield University. Materials A limited array (8 colours) or an extensive array (35 colours) of paint swatches was used in each condition of choice array (Appendix1). The colours were labelled with numbers to avoid any confounding. A questionnaire was used to instruct scenario and choose a colour (Appendix2). Follow-up questions were used to record the main dependent measure (post-choice satisfaction and regret) using a 10-point scale, anchored at 1 (not at all) and 10 (a lot) (Appendix3). Data analysed using SPSS. Design The experiment had a two-way mixed design. The related measures independent variable was the decision maker role (social distance) with three levels (self, close friend, stranger). The unrelated measures independent variable was the number of choice options with two levels (Few, many). The main dependent variable was participant’s post- choice satisfaction measured by the level of satisfaction and regret. Procedure Participants took part in experiment individually and instructed to follow the scenario on the questionnaire. Half of the participants made selections from self, close friend and stranger in order, and the other half made selection in reverse order to counterbalance. The participants were asked to select a colour what they would like to use in their own and other’s bedroom among either 8 or 35 colours. After selecting a colour, the participants rated satisfaction and regret for their choices from 1 to 10 scales. When participant had no further questions, they received a debrief describing the study’s aim. Results An alpha level of .05 was used for all statistical tests. Prior to analysing ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk test and outliers were obtained to examine the distributions for the primary dependent variable satisfaction. Although the Shapiro-Wilk showed each data were from a normally distributed population except a small number of participants who make decision for others in many choices option (p=0.29, others overall p>.05), there was large inconsistency between satisfaction and reversed regret regarded as a result of either participant’s misunderstanding or unconcern about the experiment with low reliability (ÃŽ ± =0.186, 0.560, 0.788 respectively). Six participants, therefore, who showed an inconsistency of more than four, were excluded as bivariate outliers. The regret score was reversed and combined with satisfaction into one scale (ÃŽ ± =.674, .805, .892 respectively). Levene’s test indicates that variances are homogenous for all levels of repeated measures variables (p=.260, . 333, .057 respectively). Hence, data collected from 21 participants (11 in few 10 in many options) were analysed using a mixed-design factorial ANOVA with a within-subject factor of social distance (self, close friend, stranger) and a between-subject factor of options-choice array (few, many) to examine the effects of choice overload on self-other decision making. Since Mauchly’s test had been violated (W=.60, X2(2)=9.19, p=.01), degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (ÃŽ µ = .714). The analysis revealed that there was a significant main effect of social distance (F(1,27)=11.14, p=.001, ÃŽ ·p ²=.370) with higher satisfaction for self-decision making (M=8.74, SD=.903) than close friend (M=8.28, SD=1.09) and stranger (M=7.41, SD=1.94) (Figure 1). However, the data in Figure 2 show that there was there was no significant main effect of choice overload nor reversed effect (F(1,19)=.567, p= .461, ÃŽ ·p ²=.029), with slightly higher satisfaction in Few (M=8.33, SD=1.09) than Many (M=7.95, SD=1.83). These main effects were not qualified by the significant social distance and choice overload interaction (F(1,27)=1.62, p=.211, ÃŽ ·p ²=.0.79) (Figure 3). Discussion Overall, there was a significant difference on social distance, but was not neither self-other effect nor reversed choice overload were observed. Rather, the results demonstrated the completely opposite effect to previous study. Although there was a significant difference among social distance, the participants’ satisfaction was higher on choice for self than close friend or stranger. Moreover, participants did not exhibit any pattern of reversed choice overload, but did of choice overload when they make decision for others. These results indicated that participants used promotion focus for self and prevention focus for others. Thus, there was no evidence to support Polman’s claim. To understand the results of the current experiment some implications can be taken into consideration. Perhaps the most obvious explanation is that the self-other theory and reversal choice overload is not always pre-eminent away from other strategies. This may because multiple conflicting criteria need to be evaluated in making decisions. Phrasing equivalent choices as situations involving a loss or a gain, therefore, can alter the choices people make in way that do not accord with normative theory. On account of contradictions, some decision making methods that weight against to our prediction may explain the reason why personal decision makers showed promotion focus, while proxy decision makers showed prevention focus. First of all, the opposite effect of social distance may due to regulatory fit theory. When people believe that there is a math between orientation and a goal, they will intensify response (e.g. more positive response for positive dicision) by feeling rightness about pursuit a goal (AvnetHiggins, 2003; Higgins, 2000, 2005). Regulatory fit may not directly affect the judgements, but influence a persons belief in their reaction to the object or event (AakerLee, 2006). If participants had a colour with high preference in the swatch they used, therefore, it would be no surprise why they rated higher satisfaction on personal choice. Second, a hypothetical scenario could have influence on experiment. CLT is not restricted to social distance but expanded to the idea of temporal and hypothetical distance (Pennington Roese, 2003). For instance, temporal distance may create confliction with social distance in that the decision people make for future selves and other people tend to be similar to each other but different from their present decision (Pronin, Olivola Kennedy, 2008). According to Gilbert et al (2004), when attributing the cause of problem people tend to blame themselves in hypothetical situation, but often blame external circumstance in real situation. This probably led participants to feel the sense of responsibility on proxy choice. Finally, reciprocal determinism may be the answer. The reciprocal property predicted to play important role when combining the judgements of several individuals for the group (Saaty, 2008). Some researchers also have argued that people tend to feel more regret when the problem is important in the context in social (Janis and Mann, 1977), especially when others have interests with the decision (Zeelenberg, 1999). This can alter the participants’ regulation focus. In conclusion, the finds suggest that the reversed choice overload of proxy decision makers have no predominance effect on overall participants’ satisfaction. The failure to find the effect appears to have theoretical implications. Further research should test whether the reversed effect can be generalized with other decision making strategies and investigate more reasonable explanations for difference if it shown to exist.

Jacques La Ramee :: Biography History Ramee Wyoming Essays Papers

Jacques La Ramee Throughout Wyoming many landmarks are named after an early French—Canadian trapper. These landmarks include the Laramie River, the Laramie Peak , the Laramie Plains, Laramie County , Fort Laramie , the town of Fort Laramie , and the city of Laramie . Jacques LaRamee (Laramà ©e, Laramà ©, Laramie , De la Ramie, de la Rame, or La Ramee it is spelled different by almost all the listed sources) was a mysterious man with obvious influence (Chittenden, 1935; Coutant, 1899; Fetter, 1982; McDermott, 1968; Pitcher, 2000). However, there is little known about him. LaRamee’s significance is seemingly lost along with his complete history, but when researched further one can begin to understand his historical impact. Not only are there various spellings of his surname, but some historians also question whether or not Jacques was his first name. Some go so far as to say it was Baptiste. There are others who state his given name was Joseph; this may be more accurate (pitcher, 2000). J. Edmond LaRamee, a supposed descendent of LaRamee the trapper, traces the trapper’s lineage from Jacques Fissiau (who would have been the great grandfather of Jacque LaRamee). The parents of Jacques are thought to have been â€Å"Joseph and Jeanne Mondou LaRamee of Yamaska , Quebec .† Other records show that Joseph fathered five sons, â€Å"none of whom was named Jacques or Baptiste. However, the third son, who was born on June 8, 1784, bore the name Joseph.† The name Jacques was first used by Dr. C.G. Coutant and that is probably the reason many historians use it today (McDermott, 1968). Among the remains of LaRamee’s fractured biography, a man of upright character and independent quality begins to emerge. According to Dr. C.G. Coutant’s History of Wyoming he entered the United States around 1815 with the North West Company – a major player in the fur industry that was involved in a continuous feud with a rival company, The Hudson Bay Company. These conflicting fur companies often created competition between their employees which resulted in violence. LaRamee strung together a group of â€Å"free trappers,† and they began trapping at the headwaters of the North Platte (Fetter, 1982). LaRamee’s success was due to his renowned attitude and peaceful reputation. His fellow free trappers shared his â€Å"theory that the world was wide and there was room enough for all.† LaRamee led his band of hard working peaceful trappers to undisputed territory where they could trap an abundance of fur without quarrel.

Fight Club (Film) by David Fincher Essay

This confronting movie casts the brilliant Edward Norton and the extremely popular Brad Pitt as they team together to bring the public one of the greatest suspense movies of all time. Norton plays Jack, a middle-aged man, who isn’t sure what his purpose for living is anymore and Pitt plays Tyler Durden, a soap salesman, who has come to the same realization about life. Directed by David Fincher, written for the screen by Jim Uhls, and based on the acclaimed novel by Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club is a powerful film, which fuses the highly sensitive issues that haunt its frustrated and confused protagonist with the visual representations of his mental states. It all begins when Jack becomes so frustrated with his life that he just can’t take it any longer. For his entire life, the media has painted a glorious image of wealth for everyone and has made everyone believe that they would be rich and famous eventually, while in fact they weren’t. Flooding society with more useless products and making them slaves to their own needs’, Jack realizes that it is all just a joke. Under the realization of this, Jack searches for a way to find new excitement away from the material world. He starts to visit numerous support groups for cancer victims and other diseases. This is where he meets Marla Singer (Helena Bonham Carter), a middle-aged woman who is also going through the same thing as he is. Together these seem to be the only places for them to find real emotions, and to be able to express their own emotions at the same time. One day while on an airplane, Jack meets Tyler Durden. While talking with Tyler, Jack notices that they have the same exact suitcase along with many other things in common. Tyler gives Jack his business card and tells him to call if he ever needs anything. When Jack returns home, he finds that his entire apartment has been blown to pieces. With nowhere to go, he takes out Tyler’s business card and proceeds to call him. Tyler comes to Jack’s rescue and the two begin living together in an old run-down house. One night outside a bar, confused in their frustration of the world, they begin hitting each other for the pure excitement and adrenaline rush. After much thinking, Tyler has made up his mind about society and has created his own beliefs. He opposes all material wealth and lives for the moment, unafraid of pain or death. Slowly he teaches Jack these traits as well, as they now begin to build â€Å"Fight Club,† an underground association where equally frustrated men can take out their emotions by fighting with one another. Soon many Fight Clubs spring up across the country and Tyler is hailed as a celebrity among the members. With Fight Club’s popularity increasing, Tyler’s plans become much bigger and he establishes â€Å"Project Mayhem,† his plan to destroy the material world. He recruits an army of equally powered men and goes on a spree to destroy all signs of materialism he sees. While watching the mayhem Tyler has created, Jack becomes disturbed by the idiocy of the followers and the violent acts they are committing. He wants to put an end to the insanity, but without Tyler he can’t stop it, and Tyler is nowhere to be found. With Tyler now missing, Jack begins travelling from city to city in search of Tyler. When asking people if they know Tyler Durden, he is given the same answer over and over: â€Å"Yes sir, you’re Tyler Durden.† Jack finally comes to the conclusion that he and Tyler are the same person. Tyler is simply a figment of Jack’s imagination. Tyler is everything that Jack wishes he could be. He looks how he wants to look. He acts how he wants to act. He is Tyler Durden. This movie combines great action sequences, romance, and suspense all rolled up into one. The great casting of Edward Norton and Brad Pitt give the movie just the right amount of masculinity it needs. How the composer creates meaning The composer creates a chilling setting, which is familiar and stereotypically American with its high-tech devices, also with fast and crisp movement of camera angles to show some extraordinary effects. The composer also used lighting to create meaning. The lab in which Jack was sitting down which we witness in the fast and crisp movement of camera shots, had very dark and dull colours. The music also rolled along to help create this setting, which is very important within the film. The director David Fincher utilizes a number of techniques to present his ideas of change. The film opens with voice-over from our lead character Jack, played by Edward Norton. He hasn’t slept in months and it’s beginning to take a toll on his sanity. He finally finds release from his troubles by going to support groups for people with various diseases – testicular cancer, bowel disease, etc. – where he finds freedom in pretending he’s a survivor, that he has nothing to lose. Thus, it also represents a new foundation as a result suggesting a change in Jack’s lifestyle. Through the character Jack the composer is also able to create meaning. Here we see that through zoom and close-up camera angles the composer shows a change in the behaviour of Jack. It becomes evident that after bearing in mind explosion of his apartment, he becomes astound and through the facial expressions we see that he is discontented. The smile that was witnessed prior to this terrible tragedy has mislaid as a consequence symbolizing a change in his attitude and his perception of the slight civilization. The composer also creates meaning, through the use of Jacks lifestyle. In this motion picture the main character Jack, changes his lifestyle through self-destruction rather than self-development. The composer has done this to show that there is more than one way to change, that change does not always have to occur in a positive way. This is one of the most important themes running through the movie. Fight Club; a movie about the change within one mans life, Jack, with the help of his ‘friend’ Tyler, who is actually a creation of Jacks mind. Jack breaks away from all of societies conventions and this leads to the many changes in his life. Jacks changes are made all the more significant through the use of colours. Before Jack’s ‘enlightenment’ all the colours used are dull blue-greys. The camera angles are narrow and focused. This creates a tone of monotony and boredom. Later, the scenes become brighter and colours are powerfully contrasted. Many of the scenes take place at night with neon lights in the background with contrast with the bright red leather jacket worn by Tyler throughout much of the film to create an exciting, almost surreal element to the scene. The camera angles become wider, reflecting Jack’s broader perspective of life. A further structural device used by David Fincher is to allude to Jack’s earlier life. One example is when he receives a phone-call from the detective looking into the explosion of his house. Jack responds to his questions by discussing how much the things in his apartment meant to him, how they were part of his identity. When the phone-call is over he says, â€Å"I would like to thank the academy.† From this statement, it is obvious that he looks back on his former lifestyle with contempt. From this film we can see how difficult it can be for one to move to another door of perception when everything around them reinforces the accepted view of the world. It is easy to accept everything that is occurring and live in denial without changing. Jack would not have been able to escape from the media induced, corporate driven life that he led if his brain had not created Tyler Durden. In Fight Club we see there are many reasons for people to choose not to change. The risk may seem too high. It might be hard work. There is a loss of the security a person has when he or she is in familiar territory where everything is known to them. Even when the opportunity stares at them right in their faces they refuse to take it. In the movie, we see Jack struggling at first with quitting his â€Å"ikea-guy† life but is soon able to boldly step away from the illusions that held him. Explanation of how the text links to both a text from the Stimulus Booklet and the play Away Clearly, change brings consequences. These consequences can vary in importance and significance; they can be beneficial, detrimental or even impartial. Change, its impact on self and the resulting consequences, which it inevitably brings, is an issue explored by many composers in a variety of texts. Change is the process of being made different. Change can be caused by anything such as time, birth, death, people and fighting†¦ The concept of changing self and its significance to the individual is explored in a number of texts including the play â€Å"Away† written by Michael Gow, â€Å"Sky High† by Hannah Roberts (BOS Changing) and the film Fight Club by David Fincher. All these texts symbolise change in a variety of ways. To show the consequences of change composers have used a number of techniques in terms of language, imagery, contrast and repetition. This film Fight Club deals with the approach in which we transform ourselves. In this film Jack transforms his standard of living through self-destruction to assertion self-development. The director David Fincher has fulfilled this to exemplify that the things we own, actually end up owing us. The change occurs when Tyler opens the door for him to amend. Unfortunately, Tyler becomes too powerful. This shows the rituals of both sides. Allusions is a structural device used by the director Fincher to contrast the Jack-then to the Jack-now, constantly making references to his earlier life presented at the beginning of the film. An example of this is when Jack is living in the dilapidated house he often receives calls from a Detective Stern from the arson unit, inquiring about his destroyed condo or feeding him information about it (the police suspect he did it to claim insurance). Jack often replies by talking about how much the things in his condo meant to him and how they were a part of his identity. When the phone-call is over he says; â€Å"I would like to thank the academy†. From this statement it is obvious that he looked back on himself with contempt. The director shows that the choices that one makes during his or her life, defines the changes that would occur to them in the future. When one looks back at the decisions that they had to make, the difference before the choice was made and after becomes quite obvious. Another aspect of change presented in the film is that change is often cyclic. As we make one decision, we are soon required to make further decisions and it is a never-ending cycle until the day we die. Therefore one never stops changing until their death. From this film we can see how complex it can be for one to move to another door of perception when everything around them reinforces the accepted view of the world. It is easy to accept everything that is occurring and live in denial without changing. Jack would not have been able to escape from the media induced, corporate driven life that he led if his brain had not created Tyler Durden. In link to ‘Sky High’ by Hannah Robert’s it demonstrates that responsibilities force a person to change, and that the change is not always optimistic, other than it has to be embraced for a character to established, and that although there is a change it is most undoubtedly not an end, but rather a progression. This text has contributed a great deal to my understanding of change. It helps us to see how difficult it can be to change ones lifestyle and to change their view of the world when it is reinforced as being the accepted view of the world that we must adhere to, and sometimes it requires something as drastic as an imagined person to change that view. The other thing it has contributed is that there are many reasons for a person not to change, risk, too hard work or the loss of security in their new life, but once that change is made, the person’s old lifestyle seems contemptibly inadequate. In â€Å"Sky High† by Hannah Roberts, it is not another person, which outlines a change in self of the persona, but an object (a clothesline) that triggers a memory from the persona’s youth. Personification of the clothesline, and it’s relation to the author’s own change in self since her youth, is one technique incorporated by Roberts. When describing her and the clothesline in the first two paragraphs, we are given the phrases â€Å"silver skeletal arms† and â€Å"smooth, sweat damp hands†. Comparing this to â€Å"age-warped washing line† and â€Å"hands, beginning to accumulate†¦wrinkles† one can see the dramatic realisation of the changed persona. Another representation of the changing influence of the clothesline is the descriptions of the hanging clothes. Where as in her youth the clothesline was â€Å"festooned with socks and knickers and shirts like coloured flags in a secret code†, Roberts now â€Å"write(s) my own semaphore secrets in colourful t-shirts and mismatched sock†. This suggests that as a child, the author thought that the clothes were hung out in â€Å"secret code†. Now as an adult she realises the ordinariness of the practice. The â€Å"semaphore secrets† that she writes as an adult expose to the reader the question if these are messages of unhappiness. The narrator utilizes an analogy to illustrate how responsibilities and social conventions limit a person’s ability to follow urges. The writer wants to ‘fly’ as she did when she was young, but she is concerned that the conventions of her modern life will not allow her to do so. Remembering the minute details of the garden develops a nostalgic mood. This is so as a person remembers details such as these if they treasure the memories Sky high has contributed to my understanding of change by showing that responsibilities force a person to change, and that the change is not always positive, but it has to be embraced for a character to mature, and that although there is a change it is most definitely not an end, but rather a process. On the surface ‘Away’ by Michael Gow, may possibly appear like a simple narrative about three families who take off for a holiday. People are shown as going away, being pulled away, being washed away, walking away and so on. What is also stressed however is the act of recurring, regrowth and renewal that results from their ‘away’ experience. Away presents the concept of change as self-recognition and renewal through the portrayal of the key characters who journey from fear, isolation and delusion to an understanding and acceptance of themselves and their relationships with others. Away is a short though direct play, which deals with many variations of change, each of which is a change of character or personality, which occurs as a realization as the events in the play, get through to them. A perfect example is Gwen, a middle-aged mother with the need to control. Her resistance to change is of an attitude as her family suddenly becomes separate in reaction to her behaviour. The family is on a holiday and what was meant to be enjoyable, becomes a conflict which causes her daughter Meg to isolate herself from her. Gwen depicts this resistance to change with the importance of it. Simply compare changing toothbrush to changing personality, which will have a resisting effect. Michael Gow’s play is very theatrical. While much of the dialogue is realistic, drawing on the idiom of the day, the storm and the appearance of the fairies break away from realism. Gow draws on the conventions of comedy and tragedy as the play moves from the comic to the tragic. Many of the characters appear as stereotypes found in comedy- the nagging wife, the henpecked husband, the pompous teacher, – but as the play progresses these stereotypes are abandoned as the characters are confronted by the need for change. They become individuals capable of change. The composer exploit Language to provides a precious impending into the intelligences of the protagonists. Gwen’s continuous and tedious use of clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s creates her the parody of a middle-class housewife with high-class aspirations. In the final act, mime plays a vital role. It is the explicit lack of language here that provides the audience with a perceptive of the high level of self-awareness and imminent that is now shared by the protagonists. Perhaps the two most significant characters in ‘Away’ who experiences the most profound changes are Gwen and Coral. * Gwen is one of the most momentous protagonists in the play. She changes from being a stress ridden control freak of a mother and wife to coming to an understanding of life and the fact that humans are not in control. The plainest demonstration of this is the storm, which trashes her perfectly planned holiday. Note that in the stage directions, the fairies single Gwen out for particular attention in the storm. Gwen experiences an epiphany during the walk with Vic, presumably in reaction to the news that Tom is dying. She returns from the walk a changed woman, and it is she who stands and applauds Coral as she ‘walks’ in ‘Strange on the Shore’. * Coral has lost her grip on reality. At the beginning she is a woman pervading grief at the death of her only son in the Vietnam War. In attempting to respond to her husband (Roy’s) plea that she behaves ‘normally’, she enters a relationship with a young recently married man named (Rick). She than adopts the persona of the artist on the beach, and it is Tom who recognises her as the headmaster’s wife. She achieves some kind of acceptance of life and loss through her performance in ‘The Stranger on the Shore’. (â€Å"I’m walking, I’m walking† represents a return to life). The ‘walking’ becomes symbolic of Coral’s return to reality, her final acceptance of the death of her son who died in Vietnam. Tom is responsible for her ‘healing’. He determines Coral’s role in the play. In Act 5 scene 1 we see her reconciled with her husband Roy. These changes are represented dramatically in the pl ay. Her situation in ‘Away’ is symbolized by her role in the little play- when she walks at the end, she is retuning to life where she belongs. Opening on the last day of the school year in 1967 and closing on the first day of the next school year, the play spans only a few short weeks in the lives of its characters and yet their perspectives and understandings have changed radically over that time. Possibly the character who experiences the most philosophical change is Gwen. Through the intensity of the emotional conflict she encounters, she has had to acknowledge the inevitability of change in life and has adjusted her expectations accordingly. This change of perception over time can be contrasted to the reminiscing of Hannah Robert, in her story â€Å"Sky High†, Text 3 in the Board of Studies ‘Changing Booklet’. Where the older narrator looks back on a lighter, less burdened childhood. The rewarding repercussions of confronting change and of living for the present have been highlighted by the texts I have studied which in turn delineate the integral nature of change in the lives of people and their relationships.