Bouncebackability

Bouncebackability Bouncebackability Bouncebackability By Maeve Maddox Reader Graham Broadley is apparently scratching his head over a word thats recently been admitted to the pages of the venerable OED: I was watching the French Open tennis tournament the other day and heard the commentator say the word bounce-back-ability had made it into the OED this year. Can you confirm this is true? And if it is how an earth does such a word gain acceptability into a dictionary? Its not as if  its  widely in  use. Id never heard the word before, but Im not a sports fan. The word is out there a Google search turned up 26,900 hitsbut Im as speechless as Graham to know that bouncebackability is in the OED. Heres the entry: bouncebackability, n. chiefly sport: The capacity to recover quickly or fully from a setback, bad situation, etc. [1961 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 18 Apr. 2B/1 The Tribe demonstrated its bounce-back ability in a three-game series with Washington, taking the set 2-1.] 1972 Manitowoc (Wisconsin) Herald-Times 25 May M3/2 The ‘bounce-back-ability’ is a valuable asset to the manager. 1991 Economist 5 Oct. 20/2 New York will again demonstrate its bouncebackability. 2005 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 13 Apr. 3 We then showed some true bouncebackability when we equalised with a fine header from Christie. Curiously enough, although the word has been in use in the U.S. since 1961, Merriam-Webster has so far not added it to that extremely tolerant American dictionary. (I subscribe to the online unabridged edition and its not in there.) This from the MacMillan English Dictionary: In 2004, a phrasal verb has made its mark on the language again, though not by being intrinsically ‘new’, but by spawning a ‘new’ noun. The established intransitive phrasal verb bounce back, meaning ‘to become successful again after something bad has happened’ has formed the basis of a new derivative bouncebackability, an uncountable noun which apparently fills a gap in the language for describing a person’s ability to succeed again after a period of being unsuccessful. I guess bouncebackability is what Bill Clinton, the Comeback Kid, had in 1992 but there wasnt a word for it yet. And of course, Joe Montana had it way before that. I wonder why nobody thought to coin comebackability. I guess one answer to Grahams question could be that even an odd word can gain entry to a dictionary when its perceived by the lexicographer in charge as describing a concept for which no other suitable word exists. Can anyone suggest an already existing word that describes the concept of bouncebackability? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)The Writing ProcessPresent Participle as Adjective

How to Create a Character Profile

How to Create a Character Profile How to Create a Character Profile How to Create a Character Profile By Ali Hale Have you created character profiles for the main cast of your novel? While not all authors use character profiles, many find them a very handy tool for keeping track of their characters – and for developing and fleshing out those characters in the first place. Done well, a character profile can help you harness your creativity and really dig into who your characters are.   Sometimes, though, writers treat character profiles as a form-filling exercise, coming up with their character’s eye color, hair color, first job, etc without investing any of this with a deeper meaning. They might diligently complete character profiles for every character in their novel – even the bus driver who only has a walk-on part in chapter five – but they’re not any closer to having any real insight into their characters. So what should go in your character profile and how should you use it? What to Include in a Character Profile Firstly, not every character in your novel needs a profile at all. Characters who have a minor role (like your protagonist’s mother, who only appears briefly a couple of times) don’t need to be fully fleshed out. Of course, you might want to make some brief notes about them but this definitely doesn’t need to be an entire profile. Your main characters, though, should have individual profiles. That probably includes any viewpoint character. If you have an antagonist then it’s worth creating a profile for them too (after all, even if your main character just doesn’t get where the antagonist is coming from,  you  should). It’s entirely up to you how you structure your character profiles. In general, though, I’d suggest that: You don’t focus too much on physical details. You may want to include things like hair color and eye color if you’re ever likely to mention them – but you can leave them out if they’re not going to be relevant. The same goes for height and build: unless they’re unusual and significant, you don’t necessarily need them at all. If you are including physical details, think about how they relate to deeper aspects of your character. For instance, in Harry Potter, the fact that Harry has green eyes is significant because it’s the physical characteristic that links him to his mother. You spend some time exploring deeper questions about your character: things like what’s the mistake they regret most? or in what situations would they lie? or what false beliefs do they hold? These sort of questions will result in a much richer, more real character than a simple list of physical characteristics. The first ebook I ever bought online, back in around 2007, was Holly Lisle’s Create a Character Clinic. This is still one of my favorite resources for character creation: it goes far beyond the typical character questionnaire to dig deep into what really makes characters tick (and it includes lots of examples, too). If you’re using a template or questionnaire that you’ve found online, don’t feel that you need to complete every single part of it – especially if it’s a long one! Focus on the bits that are most impactful or that help you to imagine your character more fully: if you do decide to fill in the rest, you can simply do it at a later stage. Don’t get hung up on creating the â€Å"perfect† character profile before you begin writing – because it’ll almost certainly change as you go along. Which brings me on to Why Your Character Profile Will Need Updating Regularly If you create your character profiles during the pre-writing phase of your novel, you’ll almost certainly find that your understanding of your character shifts as you write the first draft. Perhaps the thing you  thought  they sincerely regretted from their past turns out to be something they’re actually quite proud of – at least initially. Perhaps you realize that it makes much more sense for them to have grown up somewhere rural, not in a city. Perhaps you change them radically: maybe you merge two characters together, or you change a character’s gender or age. (Or their name: a lot of my characters end up changing names part-way through the writing process as I figure out a name that’s a better fit.) Your character profile definitely isn’t set in stone. It’s fine to change your mind and rework it – but do make sure that you actually update it to reflect the changes you’ve made during the writing process. Otherwise, it can be very confusing several chapters later when you want to bring a character back in but you can’t now remember if they’re supposed to be 35 or 25, or whether they’re tall with dark brown hair or short with strawberry blonde hair. Character profiles can be a great tool for creating and fleshing out interesting characters for your novel; they’re also a useful working document that you can use to help you stay on track and keep things consistent during the writing process. If you’ve never created a character profile before, why not give it a go today? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesBetween vs. In BetweenThe Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

Liberal Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liberal Education - Essay Example The arguments developed by Graff and Edmundson on liberal education are found to relate in certain ways despite the fact that some difference, based on cultural ideas and practices, have been developed from the fact that various communities and nations have diversified norms and cultural practices that have to be followed by individuals of that community in a strict way. One of the ways in which Graff supports the arguments of Edmundson is through the idea of students choosing their professors by stating the reasons why the students had to choose professors. They need to choose their professors is based on the high cost of education that they are forced to pay for their education. This could be explained by their choice of lecturers. According to Graff, lecturers have different ways of teaching and thus students wish to gain the best possible by considering their most preferred lecturers who could enable them to gain the highest grades possible. The idea of Edmund is based on maximiz ing the resources available based on their payments, an idea supported by Graff in which the choice of lecturers happens to be one of these attempts to gain high points. This way, Graff’s ideology about students seems to support that of Edmundson of students trying to maximize their educational benefits given the high price they pay for the education (Edmundson). In his article, Graff talks about two professors who impart the same subject with different understandings, which can confuse students unintentionally.

MENOPAUSAL TREATMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MENOPAUSAL TREATMENT - Assignment Example Such symptoms include hot flushes and alteration of the vagina area (Newson, 2013). On the other hand, there are various ways of alleviating symptoms. One of such is through hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, HRT being avoided due to the various risk associated with it (Newson, 2013). Hence, such risks have forced most patients to opt for herbal treatments. The paper will focus on â€Å"herbal† treatments as a first-line option for their menopausal symptoms. It will also address their effectiveness as well as side effects or interactions with the herbal treatments. There are various herbal treatments for menopausal symptoms. The first herbal compounds are known as phytoestrogens. These are plant compounds and have the same chemical components as the female sex hormone oestrogen (State Government of Victoria, 2015). Hence, they act as oestrogen receptor parts in a woman’s body and helps in reducing symptoms (State Government of Victoria, 2015). The first is known as isoflavones. The natural source for this phytoestrogen is soybeans, beans, and red clover (State Government of Victoria, 2015). The other one is known as lignans. It is easily found in fruit, vegetables, grains, and oilseeds. The third one is known as coumestans. It is easily found in sprouting seeds such as alfalfa. The only challenge is that soy products are thought to lead to the development of breast cancer in women. Therefore, there is advice to avoid such products in those women that are at high risk of developing breast cancer (State Government of Victoria, 2015). The drugs have been shown not effective in alleviating hot flushes (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). The other medicine is St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). It has been shown useful in reducing symptoms. The only challenge is that this medication may interact with other drugs one is taking causing severe side effects (State Government of Victoria, 2015). The other one

Tata Docomo Essay Example for Free

Tata Docomo Essay Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It encompasses seven business sectors: * Communications and information technology * Engineering * Materials * Services * Energy * Consumer products * Chemicals. Tata Group was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company. It has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents. Tata Group has over 100 operating companies each of them operates independently out of them 32 are publicly listed. The major Tata companies are Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan Industries, Tata Communications and Taj Hotels. The combined market capitalization of all the 32 listed Tata companies was $89.88 billion as of March 2012. Tata receives more than 58% of its revenue from outside India. Tata Group remains a family-owned business, as the descendants of the founder (from the Tata family) owns majority stake in the company. The current chairman of the Tata group is Cyrus Pallonji Mistry, who took over from Ratan Tata in 2012. Tata Sons is the promoter of all key Tata companies and holds the bulk of shareholding in these companies. The chairman of Tata Sons has traditionally been the chairman of the Tata group. About 66% of the equity capital of Tata Sons is held by philanthropic trusts endowed by members of the Tata family. The Tata Group is perceived to be Indias best-known global brand within and outside the country as per The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India survey. The 2009, annual survey by the Reputation Institute ranked Tata Group as the 11th most reputable company in the world. The survey included 600 global companies. The Tata Group has helped establish and finance numerous quality researches, educational and cultural institutes in India. The group was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 in recognition of its long history of philanthropic activities. HISTORY The Tata Group was founded as a private trading firm in 1868 by entrepreneur and philanthropist Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. In 1902 the group incorporated the Indian Hotels Company to commission the Taj Mahal Palace Tower, the first luxury hotel in India, which opened the following year. After Jamsetji’s death in 1904, his son Sir Dorab Tata took over as chair of the Tata Group. Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932). Following Dorab’s death in 1932, Sir Nowroji Saklatwala became the group’s chair. Six years later Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)—earned Tata Group international recognition. In 1945 Tata Group established the Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) to manufacture engineering and locomotive products; it was renamed Tata Motors in 2003. In 1991 J.R.D.’s nephew, Indian business mogul Ratan Naval Tata, succeeded him as chairman of the Tata Group. Upon assuming leadership of the conglomerate, Ratan aggressively sought to expand it, and increasingly he focused on globalizing its businesses. In 2000 the group acquired London-based Tetley Tea, and in 2004 it purchased the truck-manufacturing operations of South Korea’s Daewoo Motors. In 2001 Tata Group partnered with American International Group, Inc. (AIG) to create the insurance company Tata-AIG. List of Tata Group Chairmans * Jamsetji Tata (1887–1904) * Dorabji Tata (1904–1932) * Nowroji Saklatwala (1932–1938) * J. R. D. Tata (1938–1991) * Ratan Tata (1991–2012) * Cyrus Mistry (2012–present) The Tata Group has donated a Rs. 220 crore ($50 million) to the  prestigious Harvard Business School (HBS) to build an academic and a residential building on the institute’s campus in Boston, Massachusetts. The new building will be called the Tata Hall and used for the institute’s executive education programmes. The amount is the largest from an international donor in the business schools 102-year-old existence. The recent The Brand Trust Report 2011 has ranked TATA as the second most trusted brands of India. In a 2011 investor poll conducted by equity research firm Equitymaster, TATA Group was voted as the most trustworthy among the Indian corporate houses. Over 61% of the respondents showed their confidence in the Tata Group. The Tata Group retained its Most Trustworthy status in the 2012 edition of the poll. One Tata project that brought together Tata Group companies (TCS, Titan Industries and Tata Chemicals) was developing a compact, in-home water-purification dev ice. It was called Tata swach which means â€Å"clean† in Hindi and would cost less than 1000 rupees (US $21). The idea of Tata swach was thought of from the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which left thousands of people without clean drinking water. This device has filters that last about a year long for a family of five. It is a low-cost product available for people who have no access to safe drinking water in their homes. The advantage of this device is that it does not require the use of electricity. TCS also designed and donated an innovative software package that teaches illiterate adults how to read in 40 hours. â€Å"The children of the people who have been through our literacy program are all in school,† says Pankaj Baliga, global head of corporate social responsibility for TCS. In 1912, Tata Group expanded their CEO’s concept of community philanthropy to be included in the workplace. They instituted an eight-hour workday, before any other company in the world. In 1917, they recommended a medical-services policy for Tata employees. The company would be among the first worldwide to organise modern pension systems, workers’ compensation, maternity benefits, and profit-sharing plans. Trusts created by Tata Group control 65.8% of company shares, so it can be said that about 66% of the profits of Tata Group go to charity. The charitable trusts of Tata Group fund a variety of projects, for example the Tata Swach and the TCS project. They founded and still support such cherished institutions as the Indian Institute of Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the National Centre for the Performing Arts and the Tata Memorial Hospital. Each Tata Group company channels more than 4 percent of its operating income to the trusts and every generation of Tata family members has left a larger portion of its profit to them. After the Mumbai attacks, Salaries of then heavily attacked Taj Hotel employees were paid despite the hotel being closed for reconstruction. About 1600 employees were provided food, water, sanitation and first aid through employee outreach centres. Ratan Tata personally visited families of all the employees that were affected. The employee’s relatives were flown to Mumbai from outside areas and were all accommodated for 3 weeks. Tata also covered compensation for railway employees, police staff, and pedestrians. The market vendors and shop owners were given care and assistance after the attacks. A psychiatric institution was established with the Tata Group of Social Science to counsel those who were affected from the attacks and needed help. Tata also granted the education of 46 children of the victims of the terrorist attacks. Tata DoCoMo TATA DOCOMO is an cellular service provider on the GSM,CDMA and platform-arising out of the strategic joint venture between Tata Teleservices (subsidiary of Indian conglomerate Tata Group) and Japanese telecom giant NTT Docomo (subsidiary of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in November 2008. It is the countrys sixth largest operator in terms of subscribers (including both GSM and CDMA. TATA DOCOMO is part of the Indian conglomerate Tata Group. The company received licenses to operate GSM services in nineteen telecom circles and was allotted spectrum in eighteen of these circles and launched GSM services on 24 June 2009. It began operations first in South India and currently operates GSM services in eighteen of twenty two telecom circles. It has licences to operate in Delhi but has not been allocated spectrum from the Government. Docomo provides services throughout India. Tata DOCOMO offers both prepaid and postpaid cellular phone services. It has become very popular with its one second pulse especially in semi-urban and rural areas.[citation needed] On 5 November 2010, Tata DOCOMO became the first private sector telecom company  to launch 3G services in India. Tata DOCOMO had about 42.34 million users at the end of December 2010. TATA DOCOMO MARKERT SEGMENTATION: Tata DoCoMo divided the market into smaller segments with distinct needs, characteristics and behavior with separate marketing strategies. TATA DoCoMo used the Demographic segmentation firstly to introduce the new brand keeping an eye on mid and higher end of the Indian consumers. They chose Indian youth as their primary target and started occupying the space in young Indian minds by connecting with them at various levels and through multiple channels The rationale behind this choice were 1. Tata Docomo intended to generate most of its future revenues through its differentiated content based and value added services, which is not so much relevant for low end consumers who are more price sensitive than mid and high end consumers 2. Indian telecom market was soon expecting 3G licenses. This would mean a huge potential for content based and value added services in the near future. Mid and higher end young consumers will be the early adopters of these services as they are more adaptable to change, are dynamic and willing to try new things. 3. They wanted to connect to opinion makers, and Indian youth would be the best fit to that profile. 4. Indian telecom market was soon expecting Mobile Number Portability (MNP). This would mean a potential of switching of telecom vendors by Indian consumers. And targeting the opinion makers would mean an aspiration build up in masses to switch to the brand that is most admired. 5. Tata teleservices has its CDMA offering which already caters to mass market in India. Hence there was no specific need to address this segment. TATA DOCOMO MARKERT TARGETING: * TATA DoCoMo is offering series of differentiated products to their respective markets. * Home calling cards for the family of those professionals who work abroad. * Cheap SMS facility for youth. * Facilities for circle users. Tata Docomo rolls out a marketing campaigns platform over cloud, Hosted Campaign Manager (HCM) service for its Enterprise and SME customers. This service is offered in 16 circles namely Hyderabad, Karnataka, Mumbai Maharashtra, Kerala, UPW, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kolkata and West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and UP East. Aggregators, FMCG, service industry, media and banking insurance companies, outsourcing companies, advertisement agencies and campaign event management companies can get its advantage to the fullest. Through voice blast feature, customers can send a prerecorded message to thousands of phones from a targeted, DND scrubbed dialing list. This solution enables one to conduct effective communication anywhere across the PSTN cloud at blazing speed, said a press note. Tata Docomos Hosted Campaign Management enables customers to reach out to larger target audience, more frequently, at affordable costs without any infrastructure to run th e outbound processes. Differentiation It used tariff plans to differentiate itself from other major players like Vodafone, Airtel and Idea in the GSM category. It has cheaper rates than any other CDMA service provider and the added advantage is that unlike CDMA, a different handset is not required. Pulse rate of per second, where all other services used one minute gave TATA DOCOMO the first mover advantage. Also, services offered were customised as per subscribers. TATA DOCOMO has unveiled a portfolio of Value-Added Services that has reinvented mobile telephony in India. It offers products and services like diet SMS, Free VoiceMail, Timed SMS Service, Missed Call Alerts, Call-me Tunes, etc. All of them are customized to liberate and refresh the subscribers. Brand Positioning TATA DOCOMO has positioned itself as a â€Å"value for money† brand. The first move on this front was to cut through the clutter and redefine the entire pricing paradigm. In the clutter of confusing service providers, TATA DOCOMO is positioned as the country’s most transparent, innovative and liberating telecom brand. * Tata Docomo wanted to create an identity for themselves in the mind of the youth. They realized that their brand should do the  following * Familiarity – they need to create familiarity for the brand in the mind of their target i.e. Indian youth. Youth should always be able to recognize the brand ‘logo’ and its value proposition. In fact, Indian youth should be more than willing to identify themselves with the brand in society * Relationship –They need to associate themselves with attributes like transparent, simple and innovative brand in the mind of their target customers. And over the term of their relationship with their customers, they should be consistent to these attributes in every interaction. * Experience – They need to ensure that customer gets consistent message and promise irrespective of which channel he chooses to interact with the brand. Brand’s communication, new offerings and actions should consistent to its promise to the customers * Trust – They need to stand up to probity in public life and social dealings to be perceived as socially and culturally compatible brand and thereby gain trust of the society. In the already cluttered Indian telecom market, Tata Docomo positioned itself as one of the country’s newest and most-exciting GSM telecom services company that provides value for money and can be easily identified with the attributes as transparency, simplicity and innovation. 1. Positioning based on value for money – Complex pricing mechanisms and processes were used by Indian telecom players. These were not easily understood by consumers and they found difficult to choose the best plans for them. Tata Docomo launched its products with ‘Pay what you use’ policy which were attractive for customers. 2. Positioning based on technology – 3G service and Number Portability were soon to be launched in India. And Tata Docomo leveraging its partnership with NTT Docomo positioned itself as a provider ready to provide 3G services in India. Telecom customers are not really happy with their existing service providers. According to Nielsen Mobile Consumer Insights ‘Close to one in five (18%) of Indian mobile customers said that they would change their operator if they have the ability to retain their number’. It was good enough reason to attract customers who are looking for a better provider. 3. Positioning based on innovative ways – Tata Docomo positioned itself based on its ‘Do the New’ promise. It introduced multiple innovative offerings like ‘Buddy Net’, ‘Diet SMS’, ‘Pay per site’, ‘Pay per second’ etc. To establish their brand equity in Indian telecom industry, Tata Docomo started with their branding activities. Brand/product/company The Tata DOCOMO brand is the 10th entrant in the crowded Indian telecom market which was already ruled by established brands such as Airtel, Reliance, and Vodafone. Despite the stiff competition the company made a dent in the telecom market due to an innovative marketing strategy. In a short span of time the company has been able to differentiate and distinguish itself from the other brands and own a distinct consumer mind space. The company has brought disruptive innovation to the market not only through it products and services but also through unique marketing initiatives that have captured the minds of the consumers. As it stands today, Tata DOCOMO is the fastest growing brand in terms of market share. We (project team) chose to study and analyze the Tata DOCOMO brand due to its uniqueness and the success of its marketing strategy. For consumers, the Tata DOCOMO brand offers a host of differentiated services. Tata DOCOMO boasts the following benefits to consumers on its official website. * We are the fastest growing young telecom brand in the country; we never stop innovating and thinking out of the box. With us every day is new. * We dont need creams to be fair, its in our blood. With us you will get honesty, frankness, transparency. Say hello to the most transparent plans, a world-class network responsive customer care. * We are the first private operator to launch 3G in partnership with the world leader in 3G, NTT DOCOMO, Japan. * We redefined competition with our pay per second tariffs and decided to let the good news spread, therefore we introduced pay per second on STD ISD. You can call USA and Canada @1p/sec. * Keeping up with our mantra of doing the new we have made roaming affordable to the common man by extending the pay per second offers on roaming anywhere in India on our network. * We dont bully you to take what you dont need. And thats why; we have pay per site, that lets you pay only for the site(s) you love @Rs.10 per site per month. * We never ever ask you to count your friends. With BuddyNet you can bond with the whole world @1p/6sec On-Net. Be ready! * We dont decide for you, you decide your own pick from our daily, weekly or monthly packs of Talk-time, GPRS, music, cricket updates, night calling etc. starting at Rs.2. * Why should anyone else decide what song you should listen to when you call someone? With My Song hear your song when you call. * We completely believe why you should pay  for whats not your fault, thats why with us you get free Missed Call alerts in case you miss a call when you are not in coverage area or your phone is switched off. * Fun in limit is no fun. With us you can download unlimited Call-Me tune @Rs.10 per week. * We dont believe in making you pay for reaching out to us. Call our toll free customer care number anytime. * When we say you are important we mean every single word of it. So why should you wait, have direct access to the customer care executive by pressing 9 anytime during the call. * We are all ears. You can call us or online Live Chat with us, anytime. And guess what, you can access your hometown call center even when out of town. Product line TATA Docomo launched many products in the ‘Diet’ product line aimed at reducing the cost for the customer. Following products were launched ï‚ · Diet SMS Its custom made for those who are allergic to typing long. In this service, each SMS merely costs you 1 paisa per character, up to a maximum of 15 characters. And user is not charged for the spaces. ï‚ · Diet Postpay Plans – It offers refreshingly different options to postpaid users. They get opportunity to make their own plans by choosing the service they use most frequently, be it Local, STD or SMS. And to make their own plans they have more than 100 options to choose from. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IDEA GENERATION Tata group of industries want to introduce their products in almost every field of life. With invention of mobile phone services world become a global village. Increasing number of mobile users attract TATA group of industries to introduce their product in mobile phone services. The board of directors of TATA gets the idea for mobile service operator by its own employees who were using other mobile operators. They think about to bring their own technology or to share any existing company through which they communicate with other employees and officials. IDEA SCREANING: From too many ideas the TATA group selected one to create a telecom company with the experience of any existing company. They decided to introduce a new mobile operator company with the partnership of Japanese telecom giant NTT  Docomo and launch TATA DoCoMo in India. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT TESTING: The Tata DOCOMO (DO Communication over mobile) brand stands for â€Å"Do†ing things that you want to do. The Tata DOCOMO brand is all about co-creation and user participation. The youth brand that Tata DOCOMO set out to build has been successfully created in the digital space through a balanced mix of design, innovation, technology and engagement. The brand’s main mantra â€Å"Do the new† is a concept that prompts every citizen to do something new, even if it’s a small thing. This concept aligns with the company’s products and services, many of which are new to the market. TATA has good reputation in all over the India. They make a questioner to ask people about new telecom service and when they started their transmission people show positive response towards the product. MARKETING STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT: Being the tenth entrant in the already competitive telecom market, it was difficult for Tata Docomo to differentiate themselves from the existing service providers. Tata was already a well-known household brand name in India, however Docomo was hardly known to Indian masses and hence there was a need to establish the Docomo brand. They wanted to create an identity for ‘Tata Docomo’ which customers would love and trust. Tata Docomo has a vision to be the most loved teleservices brand in India. And their marketing research revealed that their service offering should be centered on transparency, simplicity and relevant ‘life centric’ innovation to achieve this. They found that they should connect to the opinion makers of the society and create brand attraction among Indian masses. This focused approach can give them visibility in highly competitive market. Tata DoCoMo adopted disruptive innovation as a market penetration strategy. This was required to enter the Indian telecom market which had dominant players such Airtel and Vodafone. To capture market, Tata DoCoMo offered services that were unlike anything the consumers had experienced before. The per second tariff also changed the rules of the game by forcing existing service providers to lower their tariffs and also set a benchmark for new entrants such as MTS who now offer similar tariffs. This allowed Tata DoCoMo to capture market quickly. Having penetrated the market successfully, Tata DoCoMo now competes not only on the basis of price but also with value added  services. BUSINESS ANALYSIS: After the market strategy development the TATA group make a telecom operators business analysis. Their Cost, sales, profits and other business routines. They study the Airtel and Vodafone which were already existing very strong telecom operators in the market. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: When TATA group analyzed the other telecom operators business they satisfied with the profit margins and finally started to capture all the India and install their transmission equipment in all the major cities. When transmission equipment installed then TATA start to furnish customer offices in targeted areas and started their services. TEST MARKETING: Finally TATA DoCoMo introduced in market initially. The customer gave positive response and highly like this service in the market. And its first testing sales are too fast and people demanded it and admire it due to its brand name. COMMERCIALIZATION: TATA DoCoMo after first introduction in the market started their full commercialization in market in a very small time they got maximum market share. To bring in the knowledge of people about this new service of DoCoMo they used different channels like TV, newspapers, radio, brushers, magazines, etc.

A Comparison of Hawthornes Works :: essays papers

A Comparison of Hawthornes Works A Comparison of Hawthorne's Works In both of Hawthorne's short stories and The Scarlet Letter, the author uses distinct symbolisms that have more than one meaning. In The Scarlet Letter, the red rose bush and the weeds located at the entrance of the prison symbolize both good and evil. Throughout the novel, the rose bush represents Pearl, and how good things can come out of bad experiences. Hawthorne suggests the red rose as being "some sweet moral blossom", and represents Hester's relationship as a love both good and bad. Also in The Scarlet Letter, the letter "A" symbolizes more than one thing. The first and clearest form of the letter is that of "Adultery". It is apparent that Hester is guilty of cheating on her husband when she surfaces from the prison with a three-month-old-child in her arms, while her husband has been away for two years. The second form that it takes is "Angel." When Governor Winthrop passes away, a giant "A" appears in the sky. People from the church feel that, "For as our good Govern or Winthrop was made an angel this past night, it was doubtless held fit that there should be some notice thereof!" The final form that the scarlet letter take is "Able." Hester helped the people of the town so unselfishly that Hawthorne wrote that because such helpfulness was found in her, "The people refused to interpret the scarlet "A" by its original significance". They said that it meant Able; "So strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman's strength." While the letter "A" is a most complex and misunderstood symbol, Pearl is even more so. Throughout the story, she develops into a dynamic symbol - one that is always changing. God's treatment of Hester for her sin was quite different than just a physical token: He gave Hester the punishment of bearing a very unique child which she named Pearl. This punishment handed down from God was a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she had done wrong, and she could not escape it. In this aspect, Pearl symbolized God's way of punishing Hester for adultery. In Hawthorne's short stories, The Minister's Black Veil, in particular, the black veil worn by the minister suggests more than one meaning. It shows sin, darkness, concealment, and death all in one.

Love Conquers All

Love conquers all, let us too surrender to love. † Love could be described as insanity and outrageous to those who know it or even despise it. Love conquers all. If the obstacles be physical, which we cannot change ourselves, then our minds will mold as we see fit, even if it means going insane. Love conquers all because, being only one true love, it has no conditions. After getting a taste of love we will stray, only to come back for more, for it's what our souls yearn for. Thus, conquering the obstacles and abilities Of life.Love conquers the views of society. During the Civil Rights Movement, the â€Å"Blacks† or African-American people were being discriminated in America and other countries, it became obvious to a lot of African-Americans that violence against violence was getting them no where. Blacks loved their families, friends, countries, and white people. They were going to stand up for their rights as humans, but to do this they had to make obvious what the wh ites were doing to the blacks. African-Americans let themselves be beat and murdered. They protested by not going to places they were allowed or/and ongoing to places they were ‘t allowed to go to.It took a while, and it still goes on today, but the labels and views of society have been ever so more lifted off their shoulders. Love conquers all, including time. In the movie Maleficent, the fairy whom had lost her wings to her childhood friend and romantic lover, had cursed his newborn baby girl as revenge. After taking care of the baby girl, Aurora, from a distance, Maleficent thought she hated this child. As the girl grew, Maleficent grew in her love for Aurora. Finally, when the curse had taken place, Maleficent knew what she had done long ago now affected her and she devastated by this.When all hope seemed lost, she herself had lifted the curse from Aurora because of her sincerity of repentance and love for Aurora. At first Maleficent had thought there was no such love with out conditions, but even though it took a long period of time she still learned there was such a thing and became a happy fairy with her wings once again. Love conquers all, even the forces of nature and disease. Most of these may seem impossible to a lot of people. Jesus, the Son of God, had done lots of oracles. But He said, â€Å"Your faith has saved you. † Love comes with great faith in God.Jesus had died for our sins because of His great love for us and because he is Love. At the Last Supper a miracle occurred done by Jesus. He turned wine into His Blood and bread into His Body and said, â€Å"DO this in remembrance of me. † Thus, Catholics go to mass and relive this miracle of salvation. There have been times when the Blood or/and Body of Christ has been stolen and found in later years. When found, research had been done on the Blood or/and Body of Christ and concluded in astounding results. There was actual blood and body pieces still intact that described a tor tured male just as Jesus had been tortured.There have been people who have prayed to God through the intersection of Mary by praying the Rosary. Catholics and Non-Catholics, have prayed for others who have had a disease, for example cancer, to be cured. Sometimes their prayers weren't answered overnight or at all but these people had faith in God and dedicated themselves to the praying the Rosary. Their sincerity and faith took a toll and their prayers answered, the cancers cured, and as mom response from Mary, the people could smell roses eater their prayers had been answered or even if they weren't answered.Love conquers all. Whether it be the views of society, time, the forces of nature, diseases, and-ourselves. But, we must understand that suffering is part of love as long as we roam this earth. All of us have tried to avoid suffering. Has it not become obvious that our love is strongest at what seems the most difficult times? God refines us like silver in the fire Of our suffer ings. Fall in love with God and love will truly conquer all.

Pure Hatred Essay

Introduction It is so depressing to say that hate, the most powerful of human emotions is still rampant in today’s world. Despite decades of struggles for civil rights, sad stories of hatred are still being told. A lot of individuals have to walk the streets of cities, the halls of schools and offices, and even the rooms of their own houses in fear. Around this world people are still being attacked because of their race, their sex, or their religion. In this new millennium, is it going to be possible to create a safer environment for all people? Can each country become the â€Å"Land of the Free†? Sadly, individuals and groups that espouse hate are still active in the country. The horrific events of September 11, 2001, and the terrorism that has followed in its wake have made it even more important now than in the past to understand the nature of hate. Given the overwhelming displays of hate currently being displayed in the world, we have a responsibility to seek an understanding of hate, its causes, and its consequences and how to combat it and achieve a culture of peace (Brenes & Du Nann Winter, 201; Brenes & Wessells, 124). Typical Definitions of Hate The typical formulations of hate, those by Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, and Darwin are notable for their contradictions. For Descartes (1694/1989), hate was an awareness of an object as something bad and an urge to withdraw from it. For Spinoza (1677/1985), it was a case of pain (sadness) accompanied by a perception of some external cause. For Aristotle (trans. 1954), the distinguishing phenomenological fact about hate was that it is pain-free (in addition to being incurable by time and striving for the annihilation of its object). Hume (1739-1740/1980) argued that neither love nor hate can be defined at all, because both are irreducible feelings with the introspective immediacy of sensory impressions. Darwin (1872/1998) also saw hate as a special feeling, one that lacks a distinct facial sign and manifests itself as rage. Hatred is causes of bitter sorrow. We find ourselves in repugnance and anger in the presence of one we hate. The joy of hate is being caused by the suffering, loss of power and reputation of the hated person. Shand (192) described hate as a syndrome, or a bundle of episodic dispositions united by a common emotional object or a common category of such objects. The key feature of such a syndrome is that a person may be legitimately characterized as having it without being imputed any corresponding episodic state. Modern Conceptions of Hate Sternberg (123) recently proposed that both disgust and contempt are special kinds of hate, â€Å"cold hate† and â€Å"cool hate,† respectively (see also Oatley & Johnson- Laird, 87, for a claim that hate is a derivative of disgust). Steinberg’s proposal is part of a broad theoretical typology based on the principle that, like love, hate can be characterized in terms of three action-feelings components: (a) intimacy (more precisely, the negation thereof), (b) passion, and (c) commitment. The feelings and actions associated with the first (negation of intimacy) component include revulsion-disgust and distancing, respectively. Fight-or-flight is the action pattern, and anger-fear are the feelings attending the passion element. The last (commitment) component involves an attempt to devalue the target of hatred through contempt. On the basis of this triangular structure, Sternberg posited a variety of hates. There is, for example, the already mentioned â€Å"cool hate,† composed solely of disgust, and â€Å"hot hate,† composed solely of the anger-fear combination. There are also â€Å"cold hate† (devaluation through contempt alone), â€Å"boiling hate† (disgust + anger-fear), â€Å"simmering hate† (disgust + contempt), â€Å"seething hate† (passion + commitment; also called â€Å"revilement†), and, finally, â€Å"burning hate,† which includes all three action-feelings components. True hate, he argued, is an emotion of intimacy, respect, and strength—†There can be no hatred in weakness† (Solomon, 326); he saw this equality of power as part of hate’s special mythology, ensuring that the antagonism involves an element of â€Å"mutual respect.† Though Solomon referred to hate as an emotion, the general affective construct that appears to fit best his own characterization of hate dynamics is that of a syndrome. Types of Hate Hate as an Emotion The hate as an emotion occurs based on the individual emotional experience. It is an emotion where people have to experience that affect the way they live. People come to hate other people whom have mistreated them. Hate that we learn as an Idea It is a long-standing hatred even of people they have never met, simply on the basis of belonging to groups in conflict or as an idea. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. People who have an obvious difference make prejudice easier. If you resent your roommate because he or she is sloppy, you are not necessary guilty of prejudice. However, if you immediately stereotype your roommate on the basis of such characteristics as race, ethnicity, or religion, that is a form of prejudice. Prejudice tends to perpetuate false definitions of individuals and groups. One important and widespread form of prejudice is racism, the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior. When racism prevails in a society, members of subordinate groups generally experience prejudice, discrimination, and exploitation. In 1990, as concern mounted about racist attacks in the United States, Congress passed the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. This law directs the Department of Justice to gather data on crimes motivated by the victim’s race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. In 2000 alone, more than 8,063 hate crimes were reported to authorities. Some 54 percent of these crimes against persons involved racial bias, whereas another 18 percent involved religious bias, 16 percent sexual orientation bias, and 11 percent ethnic bias (Department of Justice 2001a). A particularly horrifying hate crime made the front pages in 1998: In Jasper, Texas, three White men with possible ties to race-hate groups tied up a Black man, beat him with chains, and then dragged him behind their truck until his body was dismembered. Numerous groups in the United States have been victims of hate crimes as well as generalized prejudice. In the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, hate crimes against Asian Americans and Muslim Americans escalated rapidly. Prejudice is also happening against Arab Americans and Muslims who live in the United States (226). The activity of organized hate groups appears to be increasing, both in reality and in virtual reality. Although only a few hundred such groups may exist, there were at least 2,000 websites advocating racial hatred on the Internet in 1999. Particularly troubling were sites disguised as video games for young people, or as â€Å"educational sites† about crusaders against prejudice, like Martin Luther King, Jr. The technology of the Internet has allowed race-hate groups to expand far beyond their traditional southern base to reach millions (Sandberg, 105). Hate causes Violence Hate is the most powerful human emotion exists that causes violence. It is a disease like tuberculosis. It may infect others, but it inevitably destroys the hater, diminishing his humanity and perverting the purpose and promise of life itself.   A special case of ostensive formulation might be found in the concept of the so-called hate crime. Hate crimes can be defined as criminal offenses in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals. A more extensive definition can be found in the California Penal Code, which says that: â€Å"Hate crimes . . . means any act of intimidation, harassment, physical force, or the threat of physical force directed against any person, or family, or their property or advocate, motivated either in whole or in part by the hostility to the real or perceived eth nic background, national origin, religious belief, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation, with the intention of causing fear and intimidation.† Hate crimes are not separate offenses, however, and it is important to realize that many types of felonies can be prosecuted as hate crimes. Hate crime laws, which have developed during the past decade or two, simply enhance or increase the penalties associated with serious offenses that fall into the â€Å"hate crimes† category. At the 1994 is typical of such legislation. The act provides for enhanced sentences where a federal offense is determined to be a hate crime. The federal Hate Crime Statistics Act, signed into law by then-President Bush in April 1990, mandates an annual statistical tally of hate crimes throughout the country. Data collection under the law began in January 1991. Yearly statistics show approximately 10,000 reported instances of hate crimes, including about a dozen murders. Most hate crimes (approximately 65 percent) appear to be motivated by racial bias, while religious hatred (15 percent) and sexual orientation (12 percent) account for most of the remainder. Many hate crimes that are reported fall into the category of â€Å"intimidation,† although vandalism, simple assault, and aggravated assault also account for a fair number of hate crime offenses. Notable in recent years has been a spate of church burnings throughout the south where congregations have been predominantly African-American. A few robberies and rapes are also classified under the hate crime umbrella in any given year. Hate crimes are sometimes also called bias crimes. One form of bias crime that bears special mention is homophobic homicide. Homophobic homicide is a term that refers to the murder of homosexuals by those opposed to their lifestyles.   Some hate crimes are committed by organized hate groups. According to the Intelligence Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center (457) organized hate groups operated in the United States in 1999. Another so-called â€Å"patriot† organizations, many with separatist leanings based on race or ethnicity, existed throughout the country. Some hate crime laws have not passed constitutional muster, often because they have run afoul of First Amendment concerns over free speech. In 1992, for example, in the case of R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a St. Paul, Minnesota, city ordinance designed to prevent the bias-motivated display of symbols or objects, such as Nazi swastikas or burning crosses. Also in 1992, in the case of Forsyth County, Ga. v. Nationalist Movement, the Court held that a county requirement regulating parades was unconstitutional because it also regulated freedom of speech—in this case a plan by an affiliate of the Ku Klux Klan to parade in opposition to a Martin Luther King birthday celebration. Some writers have noted that statutes intended to control hate crimes may contravene constitutional guarantees if they: (1) are too vague, (2) criminalize thought more than action, (3) attempt to control what would otherwise be free speech, and deny equal protection of the laws to those who wish to express their personal biases. Examples of effective hate crime legislation can be found in a Wisconsin law that increases penalties for most crimes when the offender â€Å"Intentionally selects the person against whom the crime . . . is committed or selects the property that is damaged or otherwise affected by the crime . . . in whole or in part because of the actor’s belief or perception regarding the race, religion, color, disability, sexual orientation, national origin or ancestry of that person or the owner or occupant of that property, whether or not the actor’s belief or perception was correct.†Wisconsin’s penalty enhancement statute was upheld in the 1993 case of Wisconsin v. Mitchell. In that case, the United States Supreme Court held that Mitchell, a black man whose severe beating of a white boy was racially motivated, could be punished with additional severity as permitted by Wisconsin law because he acted out of â€Å"race hatred.† The Court called the assault â€Å"conduct unprotected by the First Amendment† and upheld the Wisconsin statute saying, â€Å"[since] the statute has no ‘chilling effect’ on free speech, it is not unconstitutionally overbroad.† In 2000, however, the Supreme Court, in the case of Apprendi v. New Jersey,struck down a New Jersey law that allowed judges to sentence offenders to longer prison terms for crimes motivated by racism or other bias. The law did not require that prosecutors prove to a jury that an offense was a â€Å"hate crime† under state law. Are there Any Cures for Hate? There is no magic bullet cure for hate. There are several possible steps, however. Indeed, Staub (240, 124) devised a program for intervening in cases of mass killings and violence (see also Veale & Dona, 147). At the very least, one can start by modifying negative stereotypes, which can be done with some success (Blair & Banaji, 219; Mackie, Allison, Worth, & Asuncion, 156). In general, people need to: †¢ understand the triangular nature of hate and its escalation with successive triangular components so that one can recognize its often subtle presence; †¢ understand how hate is fomented through stories, often by way of propaganda; †¢ understand how hate can lead to massacres and genocide through the translation of feeling triangles into action triangles; †¢ combat feelings of impotence with constructive rather than destructive responses, and act against hate and its consequences rather than stand by as passive observers, as the world so often has done; †¢ realize that passive observation and often attempts at reason enacted in the hope that hate-based massacres and genocides will go away are perceived as weaknesses and tend to encourage rather than to discourage violence; and †¢ combat hate with wisdom. There is no complete cure for hate. Cognitive comprehension of a destructive psychological process does not insulate people from experiencing it. But given the destruction hate has caused over time and geography, there is a need to understand it, its consequences, and ways to at least try to combat it through understanding and especially through action. Indeed, there are few areas of psychology for which it equally can be said that action speaks louder than words. Many of the ways of combating hate are the same that one would use in resolving conflict situations and achieving peace (Christie, Wagner, & Du Nann Winter, 238), including creation of win-win situations, building trust between groups, sharing information, each side asking questions of the other, generating multiple alternative options, and seeking understanding of groups to which one does not belong (Boardman, 149; Isenhart & Spangle, 259). Sometimes when a group communicates to the other the story of what its members have experienced, they can come to an understanding of each other that is not possible when people stay silent and fail to communicate (Albeck, Adwan, & Bar-On, 162). When wrongs have been committed, no solution may be possible unless both sides are willing to forgive (Azar& Mullet, 95). Building tolerance and creating a culture of peace and a society in which people share equally in rights and in participation in the society can go a long way toward resolving problems of violence and hate (Christie & Dawes, 2001; Miall, Ramsbotham, & Woodhouse, 199; Montiel & Wessells, 221). The question is whether people have sufficient good will to achieve this goal. Combating hate requires, first and foremost, taking responsibility for it, its perpetrators, and its consequences. Ultimately, the best way to combat hate may be through wisdom (Steinberg, 198). Intelligent people may hate; wise people do not. People like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and Nelson Mandela had the same human passions as any of us, but in their wisdom, they moved beyond hate to embrace love and peace. The balance theory of wisdom (Sternberg, 198) defines wisdom as the application of intelligence, creativity, and experience toward a common good by balancing one’s own interests with others’ interests and institutional interests over the long and short terms. By definition, wise people do not hate others because they care about the individual’s (or group’s) wellbeing as well as their own or that of their group. They seek solutions that embrace the legitimate interests of others as well as of themselves. Someone who cares about another’s interests and well-being cannot hate that person, in part because he or she cannot dehumanize that other. Schools typically teach children knowledge and to think intelligently. But they rarely teach for wisdom. Indeed, in many schools across the globe, they teach hate for one group or another. Ultimately, if society wishes to combat hate, its schools and institutions need to teach students to think wisely. They then will realize that hate is not the solution to any legitimate life problem. Indeed, it foments rather than solves problems. But to teach for wisdom requires wisdom, and so far, the possession of that wisdom is a challenge that many fail to meet, not because we cannot meet it, but rather, because we choose not to. It is to be hoped that, in the future, people will make the better choice—for wisdom rather than for foolishness and the hate that can arise from it. Conclusion To sum up, despite much recent attention to hate as a topic of discussion and intervention, there currently exists no generally accepted definition and cure of hate. More grievously, there is nothing approaching a consensus on how to delimit the domain within which such a definition would fall. Meanings of hate differ both across and within contexts. Thus, it remains unclear if different authors are indeed discussing or intervening against the same thing. The situation raises a number of questions: Why this cornucopia of meaning? How are psychologists to characterize the underlying disagreements? How they to decide which disagreements are are substantive and which are purely semantic? How are people to decide who is right and who is wrong? What would it mean to be right or wrong in this context? These are just some trying questions about hate, to which the answers are still unclear. But one thing is clear, definitely hate is not the answer and we have to control ourselves emotionally and change our minds for the better. WORKS CITED Albeck, J. H., Adwan, S., & Bar-On, D. Dialogue groups: TRT’s guidelines for working through intractable conflicts by personal storytelling. Peace and Conflict: journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 301-322, 2002. Aristotle. The rhetoric and the poetics o fAristotk (W. R. Roberts, Trans.). New York: Modern Library, 1954. (Original work written ca. 340 B.C.) Azar, F., & Mullet, E. Willingness to forgive: A study of Muslim and Christian Lebanese. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 17-30, 2002. Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163, 1996. Boardman, S. K. Resolving conflict: Theory and practice. Peace andConftict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 157-160, 2002. Brenes, A., &. Du Nann Winter, D. Earthly dimensions of peace: The Earth charter. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 157-171, 2001. Brenes, A., & Wessells, M. Psychological contributions to building cultures of peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 99-107, 2001. Christie, D. J., & Dawes, A. Tolerance and solidarity. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 131-142, 2001. Christie, D.J, R. V. Wagner, R.V. & Winter, D.D. 2001, Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.,106, 2001. Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. (Original work published 1872) Department of Justice. Hate Crime Statistics, 2000. Washington, D C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001a (Accessed October 16, 2002). Descartes, R. On the passions of the soul (S. Voss., Trans.). Indianapolis, IN, 1989. (Original work published 1694) Hume, D. A treatise of human nature. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1980 (Original work published 1739-1740). Isenhart, M., & Spangle, M. Collaborative approaches for resolving conflict. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000. Mackie, D. M., Allison, S. T., Worth, L. T., & Asuncion, A. G. (1992). The generalization of outcome-biased counter-stereotypic inferences, journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 43-64, 1992. Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O., & Woodhouse, T. Contemporary conflict resolution. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1999. Montiel, C. }., & Wessells, M. (2001). Democratization, psychology, and the construction of cultures of peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7,119-129, 2001. Shand, A. F. The foundations of character (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan, 1920. Solomon, R. The passions. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Spinoza, B.Ethics. In E. Curley (Ed.), The collected works of Spinoza (Vol. 1, pp. 408-617). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985. (Original work published 1677) Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Sternberg, R. J. Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36, 227-245, 2001. Sternberg, R. J. A duplex theory of hate and its development and its application to terrorism, massacres, and genocides. Review of General Psychology, 7, 299-328, 2003. Veale, A., & Dona, G. Psychosocial interventions and children’s rights: Beyond clinical discourse. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8,47-61, 2002.

Children with Autism and Learning Challenges

Children with Autism and Learning Challenges Free Online Research Papers Autism is a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. This set of signs distinguishes autism from milder autism spectrum disorders (ASD) such as Asperger syndrome. Autism is highly heritable, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is generally unclear which genes are responsible. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. Autism affects many parts of the brain; how this occurs is poorly understood. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their childs life. Early behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain self-care, social, and communication skills. There is no cure. Few children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, but some become successful, and an autistic culture has developed, with some seeking a cure and others believing that autism is a condition rather than a disorder. Schools have developed four guidelines to help teachers understand ways of learning in autistic children. 1. Be social â€Å"engineers.† Children with autism do not always know how to approach a social group. Autistic children are always looking to make friends just like everyone else, but do not know the proper steps, or ways to approach other children. That is why it is important for the educator to encourage other children to interact and socialize with them. For instance, you could re arrange the desks to form small groups and have the autistic child in a group with other students in the class. This would help with creating social skills to work together on social communications. Children with autism can have trouble with transitions, but they respond well to regular routines. 2. Be clear and consistent with routines. Educators can use â€Å"written scripts† to post the class schedule and classroom rules, then consistently apply those scripts on a daily basis. Educators have to be precise about the order in which activities will take place, where they will take place, and how long they will last. Be sure to use the same words to describe the different activities posted and repeat what needs to happen before each transition is made. One key point educators need to emphasize is warning before a transition is going to be made. For instance, while students are working on a task, remind them that they have five minutes before it is time to go to lunch. Then later say â€Å"we now have two minutes to finish your work before we go to lunch†. When a child is interested in a particular subject, allow the student to use that knowledge in other areas of education. 3. Use focused interests as a window of opportunity. For example, if a student has a confined interest in frogs, you can use this subject to engage him or her in questions and answers to involve other amphibians and reptiles, and then eventually incorporate that into the lesson. Other students will gradually engage in the discussion and become more interested about the different types of creatures. This type of teaching process will lead to a full classroom discussion engaging all students in the classroom. Although this is effective, it takes time, but can ease students with narrow interests to engage peers and expand their own interests. Language and social skills that come easier to other children can be picked up by an autistic child when the skills are presented in gradual, slowly moved steps. Inclusive settings are crucial for all students with autism, especially when structured properly by the educator to help them stay on tasks assigned and not overwhelming them. 4. Embrace inclusive settings. When exposed to different social situations, children with autism can build interaction as well as social skills they may not acquire in other areas of education. Inclusion not only builds interaction, but helps all children succeed in most academic and social activities. The earlier a student without a disability is introduced to students with disabilities, the earlier the students will become comfortable and accept them in their classroom culture and everyday activities. M.I.N.D. Research Institute is dedicated to education program excellence and cutting edge scientific research. The institute has successfully transferred more than thirty years of breakthrough brain and learning research into applied education programs for K-12 students. M.I.N.D. research continually improves its programs through data mining over 20 million student sessions and nine years of standardized math test results, and publishes its scientific and educational research. Standardized test results have shown remarkable increases for participating students. An eventual goal of M.I.N.D. is to establish an assessment and intervention school near the institute where current knowledge about K-12 education and neurodevelopmental disorders can be directly and immediately applied in order to help the students, and gain knowledge faster and easier. Some schools may not be fully prepared and have the resources needed to provide the proper learning environments required to helping and educating the growing number of autistic children. This article lists four easy to follow ways for the educator to incorporate learning to all the children in the classroom, as well as the students with learning disabilities. Being a social engineer, having clear and consistent routines, use focused interests as a window of opportunity, and embracing inclusive settings are the steps needed to help educate and incorporate students with disabilities into the whole classroom setting with the other students. Also, the M.I.N.D. institute is a great facilitator in the study of disabilities. This institute is embarking on a new and effective type of learning for all students, disability or not. Research Papers on Children with Autism and Learning ChallengesStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementGenetic Engineering

The Meaning of Literature - William J. Long

The Meaning of Literature - William J. Long from English Literature: Its History and Its Significance for the Life of the English Speaking World (1909) William J. Long uses the analogy of a boy and man walking along a seashore and finding a shell. Heres what he writes about books, reading, and the meaning of literature... The Shell and the Book A child and a man were one day walking on the seashore when the child found a little shell and held it to his ear. Suddenly he heard sounds,strange, low, melodious sounds, as if the shell were remembering and repeating to itself the murmurs of its ocean home. The childs face filled with wonder as he listened. Here in the little shell, apparently, was a voice from another world, and he listened with delight to its mystery and music. Then came the man, explaining that the child heard nothing strange; that the pearly curves of the shell simply caught a multitude of sounds too faint for human ears, and filled the glimmering hollows with the murmur of innumerable echoes. It was not a new world, but only the unnoticed harmony of the old that had aroused the childs wonder. Some such experience as this awaits us when we begin the study of literature, which has always two aspects, one of simple enjoyment and appreciation, the other of analysis and exact description. Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a noble book to the heart, and for the moment, at least, we discover a new world, a world so different from our own that it seems a place of dreams and magic. To enter and enjoy this new world, to love good books for their own sake, is the chief thing; to analyze and explain them is a less joyous but still an important matter. Behind every book is a man; behind the man is the race; and behind the race are the natural and social environments whose influence is unconsciously reflected. These also we must know, if the book is to speak its whole message. In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to understand as well as to enjoy literature; and the first step, since exact definition is impossible, is to determine some of its essential qualities. Meaning: The Shell and the BookQualities of LiteratureImportance of LiteratureSummery The first significant thing is the essentially artistic quality of all literature. All art is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty; or rather, it is the reflection of some truth and beauty which are in the world, but which remain unnoticed until brought to our attention by some sensitive human soul, just as the delicate curves of the shell reflect sounds and harmonies too faint to be otherwise noticed. A hundred men may pass a hayfield and see only the sweaty toil and the windrows of dried grass; but here is one who pauses by a Roumanian meadow, where girls are making hay and singing as they work. He looks deeper, sees truth and beauty where we see only dead grass, and he reflects what he sees in a little poem in which the hay tells its own story: Yesterdays flowers am I,And I have drunk my last sweet draught of dew.Young maidens came and sang me to my death;The moon looks down and sees me in my shroud,The shroud of my last dew.Yesterdays flowers that are yet in meMust needs make way for all to-morrows flowers.The maidens, too, that sang me to my deathMust even so make way for all the maidsThat are to come.And as my soul, so too their soul will beLaden with fragrance of the days gone by.The maidens that to-morrow come this wayWill not remember that I once did bloom,For they will only see the new-born flowers.Yet will my perfume-laden soul bring back,As a sweet memory, to womens heartsTheir days of maidenhood.And then they will be sorry that they cameTo sing me to my death;And all the butterflies will mourn for me.I bear away with meThe sunshines dear remembrance, and the lowSoft murmurs of the spring.My breath is sweet as childrens prattle is;I drank in all the whole earths fruitfulness,To make of it the fragrance of my soulTh at shall outlive my death. One who reads only that first exquisite line, Yesterdays flowers am I, can never again see hay without recalling the beauty that was hidden from his eyes until the poet found it. In the same pleasing, surprising way, all artistic work must be a kind of revelation. Thus architecture is probably the oldest of the arts; yet we still have many builders but few architects, that is, men whose work in wood or stone suggests some hidden truth and beauty to the human senses. So in literature, which is the art that expresses life in words that appeal to our own sense of the beautiful, we have many writers but few artists. In the broadest sense, perhaps, literature means simply the written records of the race, including all its history and sciences, as well as its poems and novels; in the narrower sense literature is the artistic record of life, and most of our writing is excluded from it, just as the mass of our buildings, mere shelters from storm and from cold, are excluded from architecture. A history or a work of science may be and sometimes is literature, but only as we forget the subject-matter and the presentation of facts in the simple beauty of its expression. Suggestive The second quality of literature is its suggestiveness, its appeal to our emotions and imagination rather than to our intellect. It is not so much what it says as what it awakens in us that constitutes its charm. When Milton makes Satan say, Myself am Hell, he does not state any fact, but rather opens up in these three tremendous words a whole world of speculation and imagination. When Faustus in the presence of Helen asks, Was this the face that launched a thousand ships? he does not state a fact or expect an answer. He opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of music, love, beauty, heroism,the whole splendid world of Greek literature. Such magic is in words. When Shakespeare describes the young Biron as speaking In such apt and gracious wordsThat aged ears play truant at his tales, he has unconsciously given not only an excellent description of himself, but the measure of all literature, which makes us play truant with the present world and run away to live awhile in the pleasant realm of fancy. The province of all art is not to instruct but to delight; and only as literature delights us, causing each reader to build in his own soul that lordly pleasure house of which Tennyson dreamed in his Palace of Art, is it worthy of its name. Permanent The third characteristic of literature, arising directly from the other two, is its permanence. The world does not live by bread alone. Notwithstanding its hurry and bustle and apparent absorption in material things, it does not willingly let any beautiful thing perish. This is even more true of its songs than of its painting and sculpture; though permanence is a quality we should hardly expect in the present deluge of books and magazines pouring day and night and to know him, the man of any age, we must search deeper than his history. History records his deeds, his outward acts largely; but every great act springs from an ideal, and to understand this we must read his literature, where we find his ideals recorded. When we read a history of the Anglo-Saxons, for instance, we learn that they were sea rovers, pirates, explorers, great eaters and drinkers; and we know something of their hovels and habits, and the lands which they harried and plundered. All that is interesting; but it do es not tell us what most we want to know about these old ancestors of ours,not only what they did, but what they thought and felt; how they looked on life and death; what they loved, what they feared, and what they reverenced in God and man. Then we turn from history to the literature which they themselves produced, and instantly we become acquainted. These hardy people were not simply fighters and freebooters; they were men like ourselves; their emotions awaken instant response in the souls of their descendants. At the words of their gleemen we thrill again to their wild love of freedom and the open sea; we grow tender at their love of home, and patriotic at their deathless loyalty to their chief, whom they chose for themselves and hoisted on their shields in symbol of his leadership. Once more we grow respectful in the presence of pure womanhood, or melancholy before the sorrows and problems of life, or humbly confident, looking up to the God whom they dared to call the Allfather. All these and many more intensely real emotions pass through our souls as we read the few shining fragments of verses that the jealous ages have left us. It is so with any age or people. To understand them we must read not simply their history, which records their deeds, but their literature, which records the dreams that made their deeds possible. So Aristotle was profoundly right when he said that poetry is more serious and philosophical than history; and Goethe, when he explained literature as the humanization of the whole world. Meaning: The Shell and the BookQualities of LiteratureImportance of LiteratureSummery So, why is Literature important? How does it show itself as indispensable to a culture? Heres what William Long has to say... Importance of Literature It is a curious and prevalent opinion that literature, like all art, is a mere play of imagination, pleasing enough, like a new novel, but without any serious or practical importance. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Literature preserves the ideals of a people; and idealslove, faith, duty, friendship, freedom, reverenceare the part of human life most worthy of preservation. The Greeks were a marvelous people; yet of all their mighty works we cherish only a few ideals,ideals of beauty in perishable stone, and ideals of truth in imperishable prose and poetry. It was simply the ideals of the Greeks and Hebrews and Romans, preserved in their literature, which made them what they were, and which determined their value to future generations. Our democracy, the boast of all English-speaking nations, is a dream; not the doubtful and sometimes disheartening spectacle presented in our legislative halls, but the lovely and immortal ideal of a free and equal manhood, preserved as a most precious heritage in every great literature from the Greeks to the Anglo-Saxons. All our arts, our sciences, even our inventions are founded squarely upon ideals; for under every invention is still the dream of Beowulf, that man may overcome the forces of nature; and the foundation of all our sciences and discoveries is the immortal dream that men shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. In a word, our whole civilization, our freedom, our progress, our homes, our religion, rest solidly upon ideals for their foundation. Nothing but an ideal ever endures upon earth. It is therefore impossible to overestimate the practical importance of literature, which preserves these ideals from fathers to sons, while men, cities, governments, civilizations, vanish from the face of the earth. It is only when we remember this that we appreciate the action of the devout Mussulman, who picks up and carefully preserves every scrap of paper on which words are written, because the scrap may perchance contain the name of Allah, and the ideal is too enormously important to be neglected or lost. Meaning: The Shell and the BookQualities of LiteratureImportance of LiteratureSummery So, to sum up, William Long explains that Literature is the expression of life... Summary of the Subject We are now ready, if not to define, at least to understand a little more clearly the object of our present study. Literature is the expression of life in words of truth and beauty; it is the written record of mans spirit, of his thoughts, emotions, aspirations; it is the history, and the only history, of the human soul. It is characterized by its artistic, its suggestive, its permanent qualities. Its two tests are its universal interest and its personal style. Its object, aside from the delight it gives us, is to know man, that is, the soul of man rather than his actions; and since it preserves to the race the ideals upon which all our civilization is founded, it is one of the most important and delightful subjects that can occupy the human mind. Meaning: The Shell and the BookQualities of LiteratureImportance of LiteratureSummery

Camping in the Deep Woods to Sleeping in a Motel Essay

Camping in the Deep Woods to Sleeping in a Motel - Essay Example Now keeping your daily life in mind if given a chance to spend a vacation either camping in the forest or a trip around the city with getting yourself a room booked in a perfect motel, what will you choose? Now, this is a question of choice rather than comfort. Some might say that there is no point in putting yourself in danger and camping in woods when one has a decent option of living comfortably in a motel while others might say that there is nothing new in getting yourself a room in a hotel why not try something different and adventurous. So it really depends on person to person that what choice they make but everything comes with a price and so does each of them. Both the options have their pros and cons, which are discussed in the following paragraphs. Camping in the deep woods might sound very interesting and adventurous but it is not a very practical idea especially if one is with his/her family. First of all, you need to have all the required equipment for it and mind it that such equipment is not that cheap so a person who thinks about camping once in his life he may think that there is no point in wasting money in buying such stuff which will not be used that often. Moreover, if a person does have the camps and everything then they should be experienced enough to know how to make it stand so it does not fall off by the gist of wind! Sometimes you do need professional help in such kind of activity and if you are going on a holiday where you have a tight budget then you cannot afford to hire expert help. Compared to this, living in a motel can be simple but not necessarily cheap (depending on the standard of the motel) because they're all you have to do is get yourself a room and pay for it.

Assessment research assignmnet Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assessment assignmnet - Research Paper Example This power imbalance arises at various stages of the employment relationship, commencing when they seek employment and extends even after their employment has been terminated (Hogbin, 2006, p.13). This theory was propagated by Karl Marx who argued that the bargaining table was tilted in favor of the employer, and who could, as a result, exploit their stronger bargaining position to the detriment of the employees; driving their wages to subsistence levels (Hogbin, 2006, p.1). This imbalance necessitates special regulations in the labor sector. In addition, it is a fundamental human right under the International Labor Organization (ILO). It is enshrined in two key ILO conventions; 87 and 98- 1948 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize and Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining (1949) respectively, both of which have been ratified by Australia. Individual contracting, while it can be useful for those with strong bargaining power, it is not a solution to empl oyees without bargaining power and can be used to undermine labor standards (Cooper, Ellem & Todd, 2012, p.7). According to Sewerynski (2003, p.223) collective bargaining has a horde of benefits to both the employer and the employee. It enhances the strength and stature of employee unions. They also harmonize employment conditions across the industry and seek to eliminate chances of labor disputes. To add, it has a way of increasing the weight of employee’s dispute. This is because if a complaint is made by an individual employee, the employer can easily ignore it with minimal repercussions. Prior to 1993, there were no legal provisions for collective bargaining in Australia. Nevertheless, the system was collective in nature, with informal collective bargaining taking place in the form of negotiation over award payments, and industrial actions (ACTU, 2006, p.5). Subsequent agreements were given legal effect through consent awards subject to the approval of the commission. In addition, for almost a century, arbitration tribunals had settled industrial disputes between employer and employees, through making and awards that applied to the whole industry that applied to all employees, whether or not they were members of a union (Cooper, Ellem & Todd, 2012, p.5). Subsequently, the Howard government was determined to eliminate this collectivism from the system, instead, advocating for individual contracts (ACTU, 2006, 4). Some of the changes introduced affected collectivisms on two fronts; there were those that were designed to alter collective bargaining, and those meant to impair the effectiveness of the trade unions. This was achieved through the enactment of the Workplace Relations Act, 1996 and the Work Choices amendments of 2005(Cooper, Ellem & Todd, 2012, p.5). The former, was the first Employment relations legislation to make use of corporation power provided under section 51(XX) of the Australian Constitution rather than the conciliation and arbitrat ion power under section 51(XXXV) (IRJ, n.d. 23). With regards to bargaining, the 1996 Act introduced statutory Australian Workplace Agreements (AWAs). AWAs could override both the awards and collective agreements. In fact, such agreements could form a pre-condition of employment